Explain the Problem of Induction- Discuss Two Different Solutions to It. Essay Example

Explain the Problem of Induction- Discuss Two Different Solutions to It. Essay Explain the problem of induction- Discuss two different solutions to it. The problem of induction is the philosophical issue of whether using induction to justify our beliefs is reasonable. We have memories and experience from past events that allow us to prepare for the future. Although the future is not certain, using generalizations and predictions, we can assume with some certainty that, what will happen tomorrow, will be similar, if not the same as what happened today. We use induction to predict events happening in the future or make generalizations based on previous information we have obtained for example, we can assume that during the day, the sun will pass over the sky and disappear at night. We can assume this because it has happened every day that we have cared to notice since we existed. We also make generalizations, for example, every spider I have seen had exactly eight legs, and therefore I can say that the next spider I see will have eight legs also. The conclusions of the above arguments arrived due to inductive reasoning but they do not necessarily have the same degree of certainty as the premises. Some spiders may carry a certain gene that when bred with a spider with a similar gene, may produce a six legged spider. Although the likely hood of that happening may be low, it is possible and therefore makes the argument invalid. Making a series of observations, however many, may be thought to imply a particular conclusion about some future event only if induction itself works. If a prediction turns out to be correct, it does not establish the reliability of induction, except inductively. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain the Problem of Induction- Discuss Two Different Solutions to It. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Explain the Problem of Induction- Discuss Two Different Solutions to It. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Explain the Problem of Induction- Discuss Two Different Solutions to It. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer How can a prediction or a conclusion to an inductive argument be justified? David Hume (1711-1776, cited in Sober, 2004) states that there is a missing premise in all inductive arguments. Inductive arguments take the form of Observation (1) in my experience, fires are hot Conclusion (2) therefore, all fires are hot Hume states that the inference from observation to conclusion is evidence that the induction argument above is not fully clear. Without a second thought, the argument passes from observation to conclusion and shows that we accept a principle connecting the two. Hume formulates this missing premise as the claim that the future will resemble the past; a principle that is normally overlooked because everyone thinks it to be common sense, but it is present in every instance of inductive reasoning. What Hume suggests to make the inference from observation to conclusion valid is a premise that he calls the principal of the uniformity of nature (PUN) This principal does not claim that the future will resemble the past in every respect, it merely states that in some respect, the future will resemble the past. The new argument takes the form Observation (1) in my experience, fires are hot (PUN) (2) Nature is uniform Conclusion (3) therefore, all fires are hot The above argument is now valid. The premises justify the conclusion. We must assume that PUN if an inductive argument is made. Sceptics may still find the conclusion not rationally justified and therefore would have to attack a premise. The obvious choice for a sceptic would be to attack premise 2. They would state that PUN is an inductive argument it self e. g. 1)For as long as I have observed, nature has been constant Therefore, (2) Nature in general is uniform An inductive argument cannot defend an inductive argument as that would be circular and PUN cannot be defended by a deductive argument as the observations we have made provide no evidence for this. Perhaps to defend the PUN, I could change the definition to fit a similar statement as â€Å"all circles are round. † Hume rejected this by stating that there would be no c ontradiction in supposing that the universe should suddenly change (Sober, 2004). Also PUN infers that the future resembles the past in some respect. This principal would not help me if I wanted to know how many legs spiders have in the future. If the future is only similar in some respect how can PUN be a reliable insight into the future? As shown above, PUN cannot be defended and therefore cannot be justified. Therefore the problem of induction is that all of the inductive inferences we make cannot be rationally justified, we cannot give a reason why we make the inferences we do. Hume suggested a solution to the problem of induction; he stated that because of our natural beliefs and basic instincts. When we are all born with the acceptance of PUN, every human and every animal has this trait. Perhaps we have obtained this from the countless years of evolution or a gift from a divine being. Wherever it comes from, it is set so deeply in our minds that we have no real choice about whether to accept it. We are able to momentarily forget about the principal, but nature soon reasserts itself and we begin to make generalizations and assumptions. Hume also state that when we are confronted with a natural belief, a belief that comes to us as naturally e. g. believing the sun will rise in the morning, we are rationally justified in accept it. A belief can be rational in this sense even though we cannot supply any convincing arguments for it. If two people therefore have different beliefs regarding the same situation e. g. the sun will rise tomorrow and the sun will not rise tomorrow, they can both be rationally justified if it is their natural beliefs that caused their decisions. What we are rationally entitled to believe depends on what sort of beliefs we have, and not just on the available evidence and argument. In conclusion, the problem of induction does not have a definite solution that every can agree to. A possible solution may be to believe in what we naturally believe in. Reference: Sober, E. ( 4th edn. 2004). Core Questions in Philosophy: A Text with Readings. Upper Saddle River NJ: Pearson Education Inc. http://explanation-guide. info/meaning/Problem-of-induction. html

Essay Writing About a Dream House Or a Villa

Essay Writing About a Dream House Or a VillaIt is a rare occasion when a student opts to use essay writing as a tool to demonstrate what a student wishes to do with their dream house or a villa. It is not a prerequisite that the student is an experienced writer or adept at essay writing. It does not matter whether the student has or lacks any formal education. The very fact that the student is actually willing to write an essay about his or her dreams does not necessarily mean that he or she is aware of the potential of essay writing as a tool to convey information and to persuade the reader.Essay writing should ideally not only be used for convincing the reader but it should also be used to communicate the writer's passion, imagination and personality. This way the essay will best convey the ideas of the writer. Such an essay can be considered to be a collage of thoughts, ideas and personality.The only problem is that most students are not comfortable with essay writing. They may fi nd writing a term paper to be too daunting and therefore prefer essay writing. They have no idea of how essay writing should be practiced or how they should start writing a document about their dreams. This is where a seasoned essay writing expert step in.Essay writing involves certain rules that should be followed in order to successfully achieve success. However, one can never be sure that the rules applied in essay writing are really the right ones. Therefore, prior to writing the essay the student should learn the correct ways of writing and the correct procedure for composing the essay. A mature and wise essay writing student can automatically perceive what is wrong with a document or a thesis and provide a remedy for such a scenario.One of the first things that a student must understand is that every document needs a thesis, a sub- thesis and a conclusion. The first one is the subject matter of the essay and it should be written in the objective and neutral formof words. The s econd part of the thesis should focus on the theoretical and practical aspects of the project or the issue that the essay is related to. It should also highlight the benefits and the drawbacks of that particular issue.The third part of the essay should basically discuss the most important aspect of the project or issue and the essay should end with a positive concluding statement. The fourth and last part of the essay should highlight the weaknesses of the project or the issue that the student wishes to discuss in his or her essay. In the first part of the essay, the student should have explained in the most clear and precise manner what he or she wants to accomplish in his or her dream house or villa.The fifth part of the essay that should be included in the document that is written for his or her dream house or villa project or for the thesis that he or she is writing for his or her thesis should be a summary of the objectives and the advantages of the project. The summary should mention the value and worth of the property and the lifestyle that one could expect from the house or the villa after closing of the deal.The sixth part of the house essay that should be incorporated in the document is the introduction of the essay. The first paragraph should make the person reading the document to realize that the writer is a dreamer and the theme of the document is the most important point in the document and must also express his or her love and admiration for the house or the villa in which he or she resides.

Purpose of College Essay on CommonApp

Purpose of College Essay on CommonAppMost students know the purpose of college essay writing, but how many know what this means? So, what is the purpose of a college essay and why is it important? Well, first of all, as with most high school and college assignments, the purpose of a college essay is to get your opinion across.The CommonApp is an opinionated assessment tool. It is used by companies to help people decide whether they should invest in a product or service. A CommonApp assessment is scored based on the ideas that the reader accepts, rejects, and supports. So this means that if you submit a CommonApp paper then you are not only giving the company a chance to rate your opinion but also giving them a chance to review your writing skills.What does the purpose of a college essay on CommonApp mean? Let's discuss.Opinion - This is the first thing the reader will see when they come across your essay. They will not only see that you are writing to give them their opinion on Commo nApp but also see the opinions that you have, and the truth of your writing skills.Supporting your Points - Some CommonApp tests will ask you to support your points with examples, statistics, or definitions. These will help make your arguments stronger, and you will find yourself more successful in future essays. If you have really strong points to support your ideas then you will find this type of test beneficial in the long run.Evaluating the Viewers - When the audience comes to read your essay they will be asked to evaluate it, and this makes a big difference in your success. After all, it is unlikely that any one reader will really think the same way as another. So how can you provide a clear and accurate evaluation of your results?Evaluation - Your essay will probably be graded by an external source. An external grading service will consider your essay and assess its merits, and make recommendations to you. By checking out the external grading service, you will get a good idea of whether you can rely on the external reviewer to give you high grades.Finally, the purpose of college essay on CommonApp means that your essay will give an honest assessment of the product, or service you are providing, and how you can best sell it. With this information you will be able to make a stronger case for the product or service you are promoting.

Where Can I Advertise My Essay Writing Services?

Where Can I Advertise My Essay Writing Services?Where can I advertise my essay writing services? An essay is generally composed of three parts. This can be summarised as the thesis, the body and the conclusion.The thesis is the main portion of the article or essay. It should have a fairly clear focus. This may include the main points, the point of view or it may simply be a point. It is the first part of an essay that most people consider to be most important.The body is the last portion of the essay. In this section there are three subparts, these are the introduction, the analysis and the conclusion. The body of an essay should consist of some kind of a central point. This could be the purpose of the essay or it could just be a statement of fact. The introduction usually contains some amount of discussion on the central point of the essay.The second part of the body of the essay is the analysis. The thesis itself should have been defined by the introduction. The introduction should have provided an overview of the main points, it should have been able to demonstrate the use of primary sources and it should have included the reasons for the views that were expressed. If there is a doubt over the use of primary sources then the introduction should make certain that they are used and why.The third part of the body is the conclusion. It is the conclusion of the body. It is often said that a concluding paragraph is usually superfluous, but it certainly isn't unnecessary. The concluding paragraph should show the reader the conclusions of the main body. It can even be used to explain why the main body has been expressed. It should also be used to summarise the main points of the body and the central point that were identified in the introduction.The essay should contain two types of references. These are authors and other material that support the information contained in the article.An essay is usually composed of three parts, the thesis, the body and the conclusio n. These are the same for every topic the writer wishes to write about, but the body is more important than the three parts so it should be the subject of attention when the writing services are advertised.