Jason and Cadmus in Myth :: essays research papers

Cadmus in Myth Zeus, under the disguise of a bull, had carried away Europa, the little girl of Agenor, the King of Phoenicia. Agenor commanded his son Cadmus to go in attend of his sister, and not to return without her. Cadmus went and sought long and far for his sister, but could not find her, and not valiant to return unsuccessful, consulted the oracle of Apollo to know what country he should settle in. The oracle informed him that he should find a cow in the field, and should follow her wheresoever she might wander, and where she stopped, should build a city and call it Thebes. Cadmus had hardly left the Castalian cave, from which the oracle was delivered, when he saw a young cow slowly pass before him. He followed her close, offering at the same time his prayers to Apollo. The cow went on till she passed the shallow channel of Cephisus and came out into the plain of Panope. There she stood still, and nurture her broad forehead to the sky, filled the air with her lowings. Ca dmus gave thanks and, stooping down, kissed the foreign soil, then lifting his eyes, greeted the surrounding mountains. Wishing to offer a sacrifice to Zeus, he send his servants to seek pure water for a libation. Nearby there stood an ancient grove which had never been profaned by the axe, in the midst of which was a cave, dense covered with the g wrangleth of bushes, its roof forming a low arch, from beneath which burst forth a fountain of purest water. In the cave lurked a horrid snake in the grass with a crested head and scales glittering like gold. His eyes shone like fire, his body was swollen with venom, he vibrated a triple tongue, and showed a triple row of teeth. No sooner had the Tyrians dipped their pitchers in the fountain, and the ingushing waters made a sound, than the glittering serpent raised his head out of the cave and uttered a fearful hiss. The vessels fell from their hands, the blood left their cheeks, they trembled in every limb.The serpent, twisting his scal y body in a huge coil, raised his head so as to overtop the tallest trees, and while the Tyrians from terror could neither fight nor fly, slew some with his fangs, others with his folds, and other with his poisonous breath. Cadmus, having waited for the return of his men till midday, went in search of them.

Terminator Technology :: Agriculture Agricultural Technological Papers

terminator engine roomIntroduction What is Terminator Technology?Terminator Technology is a reality that threatens the very existence of traditional agriculture. Where in previous times farmers depended on saving seeds from year to year in order to subsist, we atomic number 18 ebbing upon a time where genetically modified organisms, or GMOs as they be commonly referred to, have become a commercial reality and menace in agriculture. This commercial venture was surely the focus of a seed company Delta and Pine Land Company. In March of 1998, the DPL (Delta PineLand) company along with the cooperation of the coupled States Department of Agriculture acquired a patent for the control of plant gene expression. One much(prenominal) application of this patent is the plan to engineer crops to kill their testify seeds in the second generation of its life. After the second generation, it would be impossible for farmers to save and replant their seeds for the next crop. Hence, the adoptio n of the name Terminator Technology. Such technology has not only economic and environmental implications, but secular ones as well. There were most likely other tenablenesss for developing Terminator Technology. One reason may be the way in which Terminators effect differs from hybridization. In Terminator technology the second generation of the seed is killed. With hybridization, although with unpredictable combinations any genes present in the hybrid will be present in the second generation and at least the second generation is alive. One argumentation that supports the use of Terminator technology centers on the fact that if you use Terminator in combination with a genetically engineered variety it will help to cease any dismissal of GMOs into the environment. If GMOs escape into the environment then the consequences are hard to predict, but if the repercussions were dangerous then having the entire second-generation seeds die would take away this hazard. Basically, to sum it up succinctly, the implications of such technology are not understood until we look into just how the science of these self-terminating organisms works.How Does Terminator Technology Work?To delve into the clockwork of this technology we must start from the beginning. A plant starts its life as a single celled organism the sperm within pollen fertilizes an egg. This egg (cell) divides to form the tissues and organs of a species. As development harvest-festival cells grow unique of one another and change. Different cells make up different things (ex cells in the stalk of the plant are much different than those of the piston) and these differences are attributed to the fact the different amounts of proteins in each cell.

Black holes :: essays research papers

black hole,in astronomy, celestial object of such extremely intense gravity that it attracts everything near it and in some(a) instances prevents everything, including light, from escaping. The term was first used in reference to a star in the last phases of gravitational collapse (the final stage in the look history of certain stars see stellar evolution), by the American physicist John A. Wheeler. Gravitational collapse begins when a star has depleted its steady sources of nuclear get-up-and-go and can no longer produce the expansive force, a result of normal gas pressure, that supports the star against the compressive force of its own gravitation. As the star shrinks in size (and increases in density), it may assume one of several forms depending upon its mint candy. A less massive star may wrick a white dwarf, date a more massive one would become a supernova. If the mass is less than three times that of the sun, it will form a neutron star. However, if the final mass of the remaining stellar core is more than three solar masses, as shown by the American physicists J. Robert Oppenheimer and Hartland S. Snyder in 1939, nothing remains to prevent the star from collapsing without posit to an indefinitely small size and infinitely large density, a point called the "singularity.At the point of singularity the effects of Einsteins general theory of relativity become paramount. According to this theory, space becomes curved in the vicinity of matter the greater the concentration of matter, the greater the curvature. When the star (or supernova remnant) shrinks below a certain size mulish by its mass, the extreme curvature of space seals off contact with the outside world. The place beyond which no radiation can escape is called the event horizon, and its gas constant is called the Schwarzschild radius after the German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild, who in 1916 postulated the existence of collapsed celestial objects that emit no radiation. For a star wi th a mass equal to that of the sun, this pay back is a radius of only 0.9 mi (1.5 km). Even light cannot escape the black hole but is turned back by the enormous curl of gravitation.It is now believed that the origin of some black holes is nonstellar. Some astrophysicists suggest that immense volumes of interstellar matter can collect and collapse into supermassive black holes, such as are found at the center of some galaxies.

An Analysis of the Final Passage in Chopin’s The Awakening :: Chopin Awakening Essays

An Analysis of the Final Passage in Chopins The AwakeningAs this passage commences, Chopin, through Ednas thoughts, describes the listenmingly endless sea that presents itself before her. Edna, through personification, shows the intimacy of her relationship with both nature and the sea. This large, never ceasing (Chopin 139) body of water has entranced and enthralled Edna to the point where she is now beginning to see this natural element that amazes her so much as the only option left to her in life. Chopin reveals these intentions to the reader by describing the sea as inviting the soul to order in the abyss of solitude (Chopin 139). The word abyss in itself leaves the reader the impression of a mysterious place in which one might not return from and it is later implied that Edna accepts this sensuous invitation from the sea. In this final passage, Chopin seems to emphasize words describing the ecstacy of solitude that Edna encounters in her final visit to the sea. When Edna speaks of there being no bread and butter thing in sight (Chopin 139) around her, her thoughts never stray to a memory of her yesteryear experiences, acquaintances, or even emotions. Even when Edna sees her bathing reason from the past summer, her thoughts remain fixated on solely the unending sea that lies before her. Chopin also uses Endas encounter with her old bathing suit to show how distanced Edna is from her former life. Edna, see the garment, describes the former piece of clothing as being faded. As the color has fled from this garment, similarly has Ednas soul fled from her former life. Edna originally begins to put the bathing suit on, however, the garment, seeming unpleasant to her skin, is almost immediately cast off. This garment, representing Ednas former life, also shows how foreign Ednas past life seems to her presently. Edna is so far outside from her former life, in fact, that the garment is shown as being physically irritating to her skin.

HP Company SWOT Analysis Essay -- Business Management Essays

Hewlett-Packard SWOT AnalysisStrengthsHewlett-Packard is a global technology party and after its merger with Compaq it became homos biggest computer hardware and peripherals ac fraternity in the world, ranking 20 in the Fortune 500 list. Company is doing business in more therefore 170 countries including the ones that are developing and under-developed. Being a large company gives HP many advantages like dominating the market for printers, twain laser and inkjet, and both for consumers and companies using the economies of scale. The company is also taking an active role in developing the capacity of new markets all around the world, engaging with other transnational corporations, non-governmental organizations and other world governing bodies to reignite the competitiveness at home and abroad through policies and strategies that can support free-market economies. This is one of the reasons that makes HP a leading technology company in the growing IT markets (HP Annual Report, 2 003).Hewlett-Packard generated nearly $6.1 billion in cash flow from its operations and increased its cash and equivalents by 3 billion in 2003 (Datamonitor, 2004). Debt levels in this year were also very low which was significantly lower then the previous year. This is a great advantage which enables the company to increase its investments. HP always recognized the need to compete in global markets. Product diversity of the company is another big advantage that enables the company to hold its position even in the times of recession. As long as the products are good and have reasonable prices there will be a demand. Company has a product span from calculators to laser printers , from notebook computers to servers. The company has a long history of inventions and innovations until it came to this stage. Research and Development (R&D) is foucused on rouge growth areas like rich digital media, mobility, management softwares and security. HP knows that enterprises and consumers might h ave different needs, but the technology requirements to meet those needs are ordinarily the same. HP labs continue to research future technologies such as nanotechnology to ensure that the company is investing in longt-term growth and competitiveness. After the acquisition of Compaq the new company formed four new divisions including enterprise systems group, imaging and printing ... ...ure in the overall PC market. Dell is a strong competitor and has a stress on the standardized computer markets. The company eliminates inventories more efficiently then any of its competitors which is a main threat for HP.HP recently had to deal with a number of lawsuits which have been filed for various reasons like unfair business practices and patent rights from other companies and academic institutions like Cornell University . The outcome of these events may create bad spirit which can affect the operations. Works Cited1. Datamonitor. (2004). Hewlett-Packard Company. Retrieved October 14, 2 004 fromhttp//www.datamonitor.com2. Hewlett Packard Development Company, L.P. (2004). HP 2003 Annual Report , 4-11.3. Hoovers Online (2004) Hewlett-Packard Company. Retrieved October 16, 2004 fromhttp//0-premium.hoovers.com.oasis.lib.tamuk.edu/subscribe/co/fin/xhtml4. Ribeiro, J. (2004, February 11) HP sets up India describe Center. IDG News Service. Retrieved October 16, 2004 from http//www.nwfusion.com/news/2004/0211hpsets.html5. Rivlin, G. (2004, August 13). Hewlett profits come in lower then expected. New York Times, pg. C.1.

HP Company SWOT Analysis Essay -- Business Management Essays

Hewlett-Packard SWOT AnalysisStrengthsHewlett-Packard is a global technology company and after its merger with Compaq it became worlds biggest reckoner computer hardware and peripherals company in the world, ranking 20 in the Fortune 500 list. Company is doing business in more then 170 countries including the ones that are create and under-developed. Being a large company gives HP many advantages like dominating the market for printers, both laser and inkjet, and both for consumers and companies using the economies of scale. The company is too taking an active role in developing the capacity of impudent markets all around the world, engaging with other multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations and other world governing body bodies to reignite the competitiveness at home and abroad through policies and strategies that can support free-market economies. This is one of the reasons that makes HP a leading technology company in the growing IT markets (HP Annual Repor t, 2003).Hewlett-Packard generated nearly $6.1 billion in cash flow from its operations and increased its cash and equivalents by 3 billion in 2003 (Datamonitor, 2004). Debt levels in this year were also very low which was significantly lower then the previous year. This is a great advantage which enables the company to increase its investments. HP always recognized the need to compete in global markets. Product diversity of the company is another big advantage that enables the company to hold its position as yet in the times of recession. As long as the products are good and have reasonable prices there will be a demand. Company has a product span from calculators to laser printers , from notebook computers to servers. The company has a long history of inventions and innovations until it came to this stage. Research and Development (R&D) is foucused on key growth areas like bass digital media, mobility, management softwares and security. HP knows that enterprises and consumers m ight have different needs, but the technology requirements to meet those needs are usually the same. HP labs continue to explore future technologies such as nanotechnology to ensure that the company is investing in longt-term growth and competitiveness. After the acquisition of Compaq the new company formed four new divisions including enterprise systems group, imaging and printing ... ...ure in the overall PC market. Dell is a strong competitor and has a focus on the standardized computer markets. The company eliminates inventories more efficiently then any of its competitors which is a main threat for HP.HP recently had to deal with a number of lawsuits which have been filed for dissimilar reasons like unfair business practices and patent rights from other companies and academic institutions like Cornell University . The outcome of these events may create bad reputation which can affect the operations. flora Cited1. Datamonitor. (2004). Hewlett-Packard Company. Retrieved Octob er 14, 2004 fromhttp//www.datamonitor.com2. Hewlett Packard Development Company, L.P. (2004). HP 2003 Annual Report , 4-11.3. Hoovers Online (2004) Hewlett-Packard Company. Retrieved October 16, 2004 fromhttp//0-premium.hoovers.com.oasis.lib.tamuk.edu/subscribe/co/fin/xhtml4. Ribeiro, J. (2004, February 11) HP sets up India Call Center. IDG News Service. Retrieved October 16, 2004 from http//www.nwfusion.com/news/2004/0211hpsets.html5. Rivlin, G. (2004, high-minded 13). Hewlett profits come in lower then expected. New York Times, pg. C.1.

Muscular System: Muscle Metabolism

1. advert the three roles of adenosine triphosphate in muscle contraction1. shake the power stroke of the myosin cross bridge.2. Disconnecting the myosin head from the binding site on actin at the conclusion of a power stroke.3. Energizing the calcium ion pump.2. The potential zilch in ATP is released when the terminal high-energy bond is broken by a process called hydrolysis. Write the end products of this process ATP (+ H2O) ( automatic data processing3. make ADP into ATP with a new outset of energy is carried out by a process called dehydration synthesis.Write the equation for this process ADP ( ATP (+ H2O)4. List the three processes used to synthesize additional ATP when ATP supplies are low1. Hydrolysis of creatine phosphate2. Glycolysis3. The Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation5. An immediate source of energy is creatine phosphate (CP), but the supplies are limited and rapidly depleted. One mote of CP produces one ATP.6. Glucose is a major source of energy for synthe sizing ATP. List the cardinal sources of glucose1. Glucose enters the muscle cell directly from the blood.2. Glucose is produced by hydrolysis of glycogen stored in the muscle cell.7. Glycolysis is the process that breaks down glucose. Name two products of the breakdown of glucose1. Two ATP molecules2. Pyruvic acid If oxygen is not available, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid, which is the end product of anaerobic respiration.8. If oxygen is available, the process is known as ___aerobic_ respiration. Name two sources of oxygen1. Oxygen enters the muscle cell directly from the blood.2. Oxygen is stored in myoglobin, an oxygen-binding protein.The aerobic pathway consists of glycolysis + krebs cycle + oxidative phosphorylation. The net result of one glucose molecule is 36 ATP.9. The process of restoring depleted energy reserves after exercise is called repaying the oxygen debt. Name four processes that occur during this time1. Lactic acid is converted back to pyruvic acid, whic h enters the Krebs cycle, producing ATP.2. This ATP is used to rephosphorylate creatine into creatine phosphate.3. Glycogen is synthesized from glucose molecules.4. Additional oxygen re-builds to myoglobin.10. Put the following characteristics under the correct fiber type in the table belowKrebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylationuses glycolysis fatigue rapidlyhigh heroism few capillariesmany capillaries much myoglobinlittle myoglobin long-distance runnersprinter Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation uses glycolysis fatigue rapidly high endurance few capillaries many capillaries much myoglobin little myoglobin long-distance runner sprinter light in color, large diameter red in color, small diameter.

America’s Working Poor Response

Tens of millions of men and women in America struggle because they are stressed out about not making enough money even though they are working as hard as possible. In her appropriate Nickel and Dimmed, Journalist, Barbara Rehiring writes about her look for working as a minimum succumb employee attempting to get by in Americas tough economy, she describes in depth the struggles that the minimum wage workers suffer by and she witnesses them first hand as she goes under cover and works these Jobs herself.Middle class Jobs are being replaced by low income bobs, the people in these Jobs are referred to as the working poor,and are not able to make ends meet at the end of the month. People in America working minimum wage Jobs struggle on a daily bases to get by, this causes them anxiety due to their lack of a health care plan, living situations, and injuries that occur at work. wellness insurance premiums are rising and some employers no longer offer this benefit, the low wage workers are the ones that are particularly affected by this major(ip) issue.Employees without health coverage, are unable to get preventative care r proper treatment for an illness, may become sicker later on. In chapter one of her book Serving in Florida Rehiring describes her co worker Sails situation, Gall, for example, Is supposed to be on the ships company health plan by now, but they claim they have garbled her application form and to be beginning the paper work all over again. So she spends $9 a pop for pills to control the migraines she wouldnt have, she insist, If her estrogen supplements were covered. (27) Without the company behind them, employees will end up paying to a greater extent for Individual health coverage than their employers would have paid to put them on group coverage. comparable to Rehearings situation, Morgan Spurious and his flange Alex attempt to survive 30 days living of a minimum wage salary, as n the TV episode 30 days Minimum Wage. In the episode on tha t point Is a scene where Splotchs hand Is Injured and swollen because of the manual labor he is doing. collect to the lack of medical examination Insurance he chooses to try out a free clinic provided by the community for the low Income families Instead of the emergency room.Once he Is there he realizes that acquire checked by a doctor wont e so easy since there Is so many people In line and the clinic merely takes the first twenty. He then has to resort to the emergency room where he Is charged more that he can afford to pay because of his low Income. counterbalance though the communities attempt to help the working poor, not everyone Is available to take advantage of the benefits. While there Is no easy root word to the problem of health Insurance, It Is obvious that leaving employees on their own to find Insurance, rather than Glenn them the benefit of group rates, Is not the solution.Americas Working Poor Response By carpenter kook Serving in Florida Rehiring describes her co worker Sails situation, Gail, for she spends $9 a pop for pills to control the migraines she wouldnt have, she insist, if employees will end up paying more for individual health coverage than their there is a scene where Splotchs hand is injured and swollen because of the manual labor he is doing. Due to the lack of medical insurance he chooses to try out a free clinic provided by the community for the low income families instead of the emergency room.Once he is there he realizes that getting checked by a doctor wont e so easy since there is so many people in line and the clinic only takes the first twenty. He then has to resort to the emergency room where he is charged more that he can afford to pay because of his low income. Even though the communities attempt to help the working poor, not everyone is available to take advantage of the benefits. While there is no easy solution to the problem of health insurance, it is obvious that leaving employees on their own to find insuran ce, rather than giving them the benefit of group rates, is not the solution.

Achieving Fault-Tolerance in Operating System Essay

Introduction cracking-tolerant computing is the art and science of building computing trunks that continue to operate satisfactorily in the presence of hallucinations. A spot-tolerant organization may be able to tolerate one or more stigma- characters including i) transient, intermittent or permanent ironwargon faults, ii) packet and ironware design erroneousnesss, iii) operator demerits, or iv) externally induced upsets or physical damage. An all-embracing methodology has been developed in this field all over the past thirty years, and a number of fault-tolerant forms have been developed most hired maning with random hardware faults, while a smaller number deal with software program, design and operator faults to varying degrees. A large amount of supporting research has been reported.Fault tolerance and dependable systems research covers a wide spectrum of applications ranging across embedded real-time systems, commercialized transaction systems, emigration syst ems, and military/ set systems to name a few. The supporting research includes system architecture, design techniques, coding theory, testing, validation, consequence of correctness, modelling, software reliability, operating systems, collimate transiting, and real-time processing. These areas often involve widely divers(prenominal) core expertise ranging from formal logic, mathematics of stochastic modelling, graph theory, hardware design and software engineering.Recent developments include the adaptation of existing fault-tolerance techniques to RAID records where information is striped across several disks to improve bandwidth and a redundant disk is apply to hold encoded information so that data dirty dog be reconstructed if a disk fails. Another area is the use of application-based fault-tolerance techniques to find oneself errors in high performance parallel processors. Fault-tolerance techniques are expected to become increasingly important in deep sub-micron VLSI d evices to combat increasing noise problems and improve confess by tolerating defects that are likely to occur on truly large, complex chips.Fault-tolerant computing already plays a major role in process supremacy, transportation, electronic commerce, space, communications and mevery other areas that impact our lives. Many of its next advances will occur when applied to new state-of-the-art systems such as massively parallel ascendible computing, promising new unconventional architectures such as processor-in-memory or reconfigurable computing, mobile computing, and the other exciting new things that lie around the corner.Basic Concepts ironware Fault-Tolerance The majority of fault-tolerant designs have been directed toward building computers that semiautomatically recover from random faults occurring in hardware components. The techniques employed to do this generally involve partitioning a computing system into modules that act as fault-containment regions. Each module is b acked up with protective redundancy so that, if the module fails, others burn assume its function. specific mechanisms are added to detect errors and implement convalescence. Two general approaches to hardware fault recovery have been utilize 1) fault masking, and 2) dynamic recovery. Fault masking is a structural redundancy technique that completely masks faults within a set of redundant modules. A number of identical modules execute the akin functions, and their outputs are voted to score errors created by a faulty module.Triple modular redundancy (TMR) is a comm only when used form of fault masking in which the circuitry is triplicated and voted. The voting circuitry post also be triplicated so that individual voter ill fortunes can also be corrected by the voting process. A TMR system fails whenever two modules in a redundant triplet create errors so that the vote is no longer valid. Hybrid redundancy is an extension of TMR in which the triplicated modules are backed up with additional spares, which are used to replace faulty modules -allowing more faults to be tolerated. Voted systems require more than three times as much hardware as non-redundant systems, but they have the advantage that computations can continue without interruption when a fault occurs, allowing existing operating systems to be used.Dynamic recovery is essential when only one copy of a computation is running at a time (or in or so cases two unchecked copies), and it involves automated self-repair. As in fault masking, the computing system is partitioned into modules backed up by spares as protective redundancy. In the case of dynamic recovery however, special mechanisms are required to detect faults in the modules, switch out a faulty module, switch in a spare, and instigate those software actions (rollback, initialization, retry, and restart) necessary to restore and continue the computation. In single computers special hardware is required along with software to do this, wh ile in multicomputers the function is often managed by the other processors.Dynamic recovery is generally more hardware-efficient than voted systems, and it is therefore the approach of choice in resource-constrained (e.g., low-power) systems, and especially in high performance scalable systems in which the amount of hardware resources devoted to active computing must be maximized. Its disadvantage is that computational delays occur during fault recovery, fault coverage is often lower, and specialized operating systems may be required. software program Fault-Tolerance Efforts to attain software that can tolerate software design faults (programming errors) have made use of static and dynamic redundancy approaches similar to those used for hardware faults. One such approach, N-version programming, uses static redundancy in the form of independently written programs (versions) that perform the identical functions, and their outputs are voted at special checkpoints. Here, of course, the data being voted may not be exactly the same, and a criterion must be used to identify and reject faulty versions and to determine a consistent value (through inexact voting) that all good versions can use. An alternative dynamic approach is based on the concept of recovery blocks. Programs are partitioned into blocks and credence tests are executed after each block. If an acceptance test fails, a redundant code block is executed.An approach called design diversity combines hardware and software fault-tolerance by implementing a fault-tolerant computer system using contrary hardware and software in redundant channels. Each channel is designed to provide the same function, and a method is provided to identify if one channel deviates unacceptably from the others. The goal is to tolerate both hardware and software design faults. This is a very dearly-won technique, but it is used in very critical aircraft control applications.The key technologies that make software fault-toleran tsoftware product involves a systems conceptual model, which is easier than a physical model to engineer to test for things that violate basic concepts. To the extent that a software system can evaluate its own performance and correctness, it can be made fault-tolerantor at least error aware to the extent that a software system can check its responses before initiate any physical components, a mechanism for improving error detection, fault tolerance, and rubber exists.We can use three key technologiesdesign diversity, checkpointing, and exception usefor software fault tolerance, depending on whether the current task should be continued or can be lost while avoiding error propagation (ensuring error containment and thus avoiding total system failure).Tolerating solid software faults for task continuity requires diversity, while checkpointing tolerates soft software faults for task continuity. Exception handling avoids system failure at the expense of current task loss.Runtime fail ure detection is often accomplished through an acceptance test or comparison of results from a confederacy of different but functionally equivalent system alternates, components, versions, or variants. However, other techniques ranging from mathematical consistency checking to error coding to data diversityare also useful. There are many options for effective system recovery after a problem has been detected. They range from complete rejuvenation (for example, stopping with a near data and software reload and then restarting) to dynamic forward error correction to partial state rollback and restart.The relationship between software fault tolerance and software gum elastic Both require good error detection, but the response to errors is what differentiates the two approaches. Fault tolerance implies that the software system can recover from or in some way toleratethe error and continue correct operation. Safety implies that the system either continues correct operation or fails in a safe manner. A safe failure is an inability to tolerate the fault. So, we can have low fault tolerance and high rubber by safely shutting down a system in response to every detected error.It is certainly not a simple relationship. Software fault tolerance is related to reliability, and a system can certainly be authorized and unsafe or unreliable and safe as easy as the more usual combinations. Safety is intimately associated with the systems capacity to do harm. Fault tolerance is a very different property.Fault tolerance istogether with fault prevention, fault removal, and fault forecasting a means for ensuring that the system function is implemented so that the dependability attributes, which include safety and availability, satisfy the users expectations and extremitys. Safety involves the notion of controlled failures if the system fails, the failure should have no catastrophic consequencethat is, the system should be fail-safe. Controlling failures always include some f orms of fault tolerancefrom error detection and halting to complete system recovery after component failure. The system function and environment dictate, through the requirements in terms of service continuity, the extent of fault tolerance required.You can have a safe system that has little fault tolerance in it. When the system specifications properly and adequately define safety, then a well-designed fault-tolerant system will also be safe. However, you can also have a system that is highly fault tolerant but that can fail in an unsafe way. Hence, fault tolerance and safety are not synonymous. Safety is concerned with failures (of any nature) that can harm the user fault tolerance is primarily concerned with runtime prevention of failures in any shape or form (including prevention of safety critical failures). A fault-tolerant and safe system will minimize overall failures and ensure that when a failure occurs, it is a safe failure.Several standards for safety-critical applicatio ns recommend fault tolerancefor hardware as well as for software. For example, the IEC 61508 standard (which is generic and application sector independent) recommends among other techniques failure assertion programming, safety bag technique, diverse programming, backward and forward recovery. Also, the Defense standard (MOD 00-55), the avionics standard (DO-178B), and the standard for space projects (ECSS-Q-40- A) list design diversity as possible means for improving safety.Usually, the requirement is not so much for fault tolerance (by itself) as it is for high availability, reliability, and safety. Hence, IEEE, FAA, FCC, DOE, and other standards and regulations appropriate for reliable computer-based systems apply. We can achieve high availability, reliability, and safety in different ways. They involve a proper reliable and safe design, proper safeguards, and proper implementation.Fault tolerance is just one of the techniques that assure that a systems quality of service (in a b roader sense) meets user needs (such as high safety).HistoryThe SAPO computer built in Prague, Czechoslovakia was probably the first fault-tolerant computer. It was built in 19501954 under the supervision of A. Svoboda, using relays and a magnetic drum memory. The processor used triplication and voting (TMR), and the memory implemented error detection with automatic retries when an error was detected.A second machine developed by the same group (EPOS) also contained comprehensive fault-tolerance features. The fault-tolerant features of these machines were motivated by the local unavailability of reliable components and a high probability of reprisals by the ruling authorities should the machine fail.Over the past 30 years, a number of fault-tolerant computers have been developed that glitter into three general subjects (1) long-life, un-maintainable computers, (2) ultra dependable, real-time computers, and (3) high-availability computers.Long-Life, Unmaintained ComputersApplicati ons such as spacecraft require computers to operate for long periods of time without external repair. Typical requirements are a probability of 95% that the computer will operate correctly for 510 years. Machines of this type must use hardware in a very efficient fashion, and they are typically constrained to low power, weight, and volume.Therefore, it is not surprising that NASA was an early sponsor of fault-tolerant computing. In the 1960s, the first fault-tolerant machine to be developed and flown was the on-board computer for the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO), which used fault masking at the component (transistor) level.The JPL Self-Testing-and-Repairing (STAR) computer was the next fault-tolerant computer, developed by NASA in the late 1960s for a 10-year mission to the outer planets. The STAR computer, designed under the attractership of A. Avizienis was the first computer to employ dynamic recovery throughout its design. Various modules of the computer were instrum ented to detect internal faults and signal fault conditions to a special test and repair processor that effected reconfiguration and recovery.An experimental version of the STAR was implemented in the research laboratory and its fault tolerance properties were verified by experimental testing. Perhaps the most successful long-life space application has been the JPL-Voyager computers that have now operated in space for 20 years. This system used dynamic redundancy in which pairs of redundant computers checked each-other by exchanging messages, and if a computer failed, its partner could take over the computations. This type of design has been used on several subsequent spacecraft.Ultra-dependable Real-Time ComputersThese are computers for which an error or delay can prove to be catastrophic. They are designed for applications such as control of aircraft, mass transportation systems, and nuclear power plants. The applications justify massive investments in redundant hardware, software , and testing.One of the first operational machines of this type was the Saturn V guidance computer, developed in the 1960s. It contained a TMR processor and duplicated memories (each using internal error detection). Processor errors were masked by voting, and a memory error was circumvented by reading from the other memory. The next machine of this type was the Space Shuttle computer. It was a rather ad-hoc design that used four computers that executed the same programs and were voted. A fifth, non-redundant computer was included with different programs in case a software error was encountered.During the 1970s, two influential fault-tolerant machines were developed by NASA for fuel-efficient aircraft that require continuous computer control in flight. They were designed to meet the most stringent reliability requirements of any computer to that time. Both machines employed hybrid redundancy. The first, designated Software utilise Fault Tolerance (SIFT), was developed by SRI trans national. It used off-the-shelf computers and achieved voting and reconfiguration primarily through software.The second machine, the Fault-Tolerant Multiprocessor (FTMP), developed by the C. S. Draper Laboratory, used specialized hardware to effect error and fault recovery. A commercial company, August Systems, was a spin-off from the SIFT program. It has developed a TMR system intended for process control applications. The FTMP has evolved into the Fault-Tolerant Processor (FTP), used by Draper in several applications and the Fault-Tolerant Parallel processor (FTPP) a parallel processor that allows processes to run in a single machine or in duplex, tripled or quadrupled groups of processors. This highly innovative design is fully Byzantine resilient and allows multiple groups of redundant processors to be interconnected to form scalable systems.The new generation of fly-by-wire aircraft exhibits a very high degree of fault-tolerance in their real-time flight control computers. For example the Airbus Airliners use redundant channels with different processors and diverse software to protect against design errors as well as hardware faults. Other areas where fault-tolerance is being used include control of public transportation systems and the distributed computer systems now being incorporated in automobiles.High-Availability ComputersMany applications require very high availability but can tolerate an occasional error or very short delays (on the order of a few seconds), while error recovery is taking place. Hardware designs for these systems are often considerably little expensive than those used for ultra-dependable real-time computers. Computers of this type often use duplex designs. Example applications are telephone switching and transaction processing.The most widely used fault-tolerant computer systems developed during the 1960s were in electronic switching systems (ESS) that are used in telephone switching offices throughout the country. The first of these AT&T machines, No. 1 ESS, had a goal of no more than two hours downtime in 40 years. The computers are duplicated, to detect errors, with some dedicated hardware and elongated software used to identify faults and effect replacement. These machines have since evolved over several generations to No. 5 ESS which uses a distributed system controlled by the 3B20D fault tolerant computer.The largest commercial success in fault-tolerant computing has been in the area of transaction processing for banks, airline reservations, etc. Tandem Computers, Inc. was the first major producer and is the current leader in this market. The design approach is a distributed system using a sophisticated form of duplication. For each running process, there is a backup process running on a different computer. The primary process is responsible for checkpointing its state to duplex disks. If it should fail, the backup process can restart from the last checkpoint. stratus Computer has become another ma jor producer of fault-tolerant machines for high-availability applications. Their approach uses duplex self-checking computers where each computer of a duplex pair is itself internally duplicated and compared to provide high-coverage co-occurrent error detection. The duplex pair of self-checking computers is run synchronously so that if one fails, the other can continue the computations without delay.Finally, the venerable IBM mainframe series, which evolved from S360, has always used extensive fault-tolerance techniques of internal checking, instruction retries and automatic switching of redundant units to provide very high availability. The newest CMOS-VLSI version, G4, uses coding on registers and on-chip duplication for error detection and it contains redundant processors, memories, I/O modules and power supplies to recover from hardware faults providing very high levels of dependability.The server market represents a new and rapidly growing market for fault-tolerant machines driven by the growth of the Internet and local interlocks and their needs for uninterrupted service. Many major server manufacturers offer systems that contain redundant processors, disks and power supplies, and automatically switch to backups if a failure is detected. Examples are SUNs ft-SPARC and the HP/Stratus Continuum 400.Other vendors are working on fault-tolerant cluster technology, where other machines in a network can take over the tasks of a failed machine. An example is the Microsoft MSCS technology. Information on fault-tolerant servers can readily be found in the various manufacturers web pages. endpointFault-tolerance is achieved by applying a set of analysis and design techniques to create systems with dramatically improved dependability. As new technologies are developed and new applications arise, new fault-tolerance approaches are also needed. In the early days of fault-tolerant computing, it was possible to craft specific hardware and software solutions from the ground up, but now chips contain complex, highly-integrated functions, and hardware and software must be crafted to meet a variety of standards to be economically viable. Thus a great deal of current research focuses on implementing fault tolerance using COTS (Commercial-Off-The-Shelf) technology.ReferencesAvizienis, A., et al., (Ed.). (1987)Dependable reason and Fault-Tolerant Systems Vol. 1 The Evolution of Fault-Tolerant Computing, Vienna Springer-Verlag. (Though somewhat dated, the best historical reference available.) Harper, R., Lala, J. and Deyst, J. (1988) Fault-Tolerant Parallel Processor Architectural Overview, Proc of the 18st transnational Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing FTCS-18, Tokyo, June 1988. (FTPP) 1990. Computer (Special Issue on Fault-Tolerant Computing) 23, 7 (July). Lala, J., et. al., (1991) The Draper Approach to Ultra Reliable Real-Time Systems, Computer, May 1991. Jewett, D., A (1991) Fault-Tolerant Unix Platform, Proc of the 21st International Symp osium on Fault-Tolerant Computing FTCS-21, Montreal, June 1991 (Tandem Computers) Webber, S, and Jeirne, J.(1991) The Stratus Architecture, Proc of the 21st International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing FTCS-21, Montreal, June 1991. Briere, D., and Traverse, P. (1993) AIRBUS A320/A330/A340 Electrical Flight Controls A Family of Fault-Tolerant Systems, Proc. of the 23rd International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing FTCS-23, Toulouse, France, IEEE Press, June 1993. Sanders, W., and Obal, W. D. II, (1993) Dependability evaluation using UltraSAN, Software Demonstration in Proc. of the 23rd International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing FTCS-23, Toulouse, France, IEEE Press, June 1993. Beounes, C., et. al. (1993) SURF-2 A Program For Dependability Evaluation Of Complex Hardware And Software Systems, Proc. of the 23rd International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing FTCS-23, Toulouse, France, IEEE Press, June 1993.Blum, A., et. al., Modeling and Analysis of System Dep endability Using the System Availability Estimator, Proc of the 24th International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing, FTCS-24, capital of Texas TX, June 1994. (SAVE) Lala, J.H. Harper, R.E. (1994) Architectural Principles for Safety-Critical Real-Time Applications, Proc. IEEE, V82 n1, Jan 1994, pp25-40. Jenn, E. , Arlat, J. Rimen, M., Ohlsson, J. and Karlsson, J. (1994) Fault injection into VHDL modelsthe MEFISTO tool, Proc. Of the 24th Annual International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing (FTCS-24), Austin, Texas, June 1994. Siewiorek, D., ed., (1995) Fault-Tolerant Computing Highlights from 25 Years, Special Volume of the 25th International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing FTCS-25, Pasadena, CA, June 1995. (Papers selected as especially significant in the first 25 years of Fault-Tolerant Computing.) Baker, W.E, Horst, R.W., Sonnier, D.P., and W.J. Watson, (1995) A Flexible ServerNet-Based Fault-Tolerant Architecture, Proc of the 25th International Symposium on Fault- Tolerant Computing FTCS-25, Pasadena, CA, June 1995. (Tandem) Timothy, K. Tsai and Ravishankar K. Iyer,(1996) An Approach Towards Benchmarking of Fault-Tolerant Commercial Systems, Proc. 26th Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing FTCS-26, Sendai, Japan, June 1996. (FTAPE) Kropp Nathan P., Philip J. Koopman, Daniel P. Siewiorek(1998), Automated Robustness Testing of Off-the-Shelf Software Components, Proc of the 28th International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing , FTCS28, Munich, June, 1998. (Ballista). Spainhower, l., and T.A.Gregg, (1998)G4 A Fault-Tolerant CMOS Mainframe Proc of the 28th International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing FTCS-28, Munich, June 1998. (IBM). Kozyrakis, Christoforos E., and David Patterson, A New Direction for Computer Architecture Research, Computer, Vol. 31, No. 11, November 1998.

Carrie Chapter Seventeen

That this was happening in Chamberlain, in Chamberlain, for Gods sake, where he drank iced tea on his mothers sun porch and refereed PAL basketball and made one and only(a)ness last cruise bring kayoed Route 6 past The Cavalier before overruleing in at 230 constantlyy morning. His town was burning UP.Tom Quillan came out of the law of nature station and ran down the sidewalk to Doyles cruiser. His hair was standing up every which way, he was plumeed in dirty green work fatigue and an undershirt and he had his loafers on the wrong feet, b bely Doyle thought he had never been so glad to see anyone in his life. Tom Quillan was as unt honest-to-god Chamberlain as anything, and he was in that respectintact.Holy God, he panted. Did you see that?Whats been happening? Doyle asked curtly.I been monitorin the radio, Quillan said, Motton and Westover wished to know if they should s give the axe ambulances and I said bell yes, send everything. Hearses carewise. Did I do disciplin e?Yes. Doyle ran his hands through his hair. Have you seen Harry Block? Block was the towns Commissioner of Public Utilities, and that included water.Nope. make unnecessary Chief Deighan says they got water in the out of date Rennet Block across town. Theyre countersinking hose now. I collared some kids, and theyre settin up a hospital in the police station. Theyre good boys, merely theyre gonna get crease on your floor, Otis.Otis Doyle felt unreality surge over him. Surely this conversation couldnt be happening in Chamberlain. Couldnt.Thats all right, Tommy. You did right. You go back at that place and start calling every doctor in the phone book. Im going over to Summer pass.Okay, Otis. If you see that crazy broad, be careful.Who? Doyle was not a barking man, that now he did.Tom Quillan flinched back. Carrie, Carrie White.Who? How do you know?Quillan blinked slowly. I dunno. It save sort of came to me.From the national AP ticker, 1146 PmCHAMBERLAIN, MAINE (AP)A DISASTER OF major(ip) PROPORTIONS HAS STRUCK THE TOWN OF CHAMBERLAIN, MAINE TONIGHT. A FIRE, BELIEVED TO HAVE BEGUN AT EWEN (U-WIN) HIGH SCHOOL DURING A SCHOOL DANCE, HAS SPREAD TO THE DOWNTOWN AREA, RESULTING IN MULTIPLE EXPLOSIONS THAT HAVE LEVELLED overmuch OF THE DOWNTOWN AREA. A RESIDENTIAL AREA TO THE WEST OF THE DOWNTOWN AREA IS ALSO REPORTED TO BE BURNING. HOWEVER, MOST CONCERN AT THIS TIME IS all over THE HIGH SCHOOL WHERE A JUNIOR-SENIOR PROM WAS BEING HELD. IT IS BELIEVED THAT MANY OF THE PROM-GOERS WERE TRAPPED INSIDE. AN ANDOVER FIRE OFFICIAL SUMMONED TO THE SCENE SAID THE KNOWN TOTAL OF DEAD STOOD AT SIXTY-SEVEN. MOST OF THEM HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS. ASKED HOW HIGH THE TOTAL MIGHT GO HE SAID WE DONT KNOW. WERE AFRAID TO GUESS. THIS IS GOING TO BE WORSE THAN THE COCONUT GROVE. AT LAST REPORT THREE FIRES WERE RAGING OUT OF CONTROL IN THE TOWN. REPORTS OF POSSIBLE ARSON ARE UNCONFIRMED. ENDS.1156 PM MAY 27 8943F AP in that respect were no to a greater extent AP reports from Chambe rlain. At 1206 AM., a Jackson Avenue go down on main was opened. At 1217, an ambulance attendant from Motton tossed out a cigarette butt as the rescue vehicle sped toward Summer Street.The fit destroyed nearly half a pulley-block at a stroke, including the offices of The Chamberlain Clarion. By 1218 A.M.. Chamberlain was cut off from the country that slept in reason beyond.At 1210, still s veritable(a) minutes before the gas-main explosion, the telephone supplant experienced a softer explosion a complete jam of every town phone line still in operation. The three harried girls on duty stayed at their posts but were utterly unable to cope. They worked with expressions of wooden horror on their faces, trying to place unplaceable calls.And so Chamberlain drifted into the streets.They came like an invasion from the graveyard that lay in the elbow creek formed by the intersection of The Bellsqueeze Road and Route 6 they came in white nightgowns and in robes, as if in hint shrouds. Th ey came in pyjamas and curlers (Mrs Dawson, she of the now-deceased son who had been a very funny fellow, came in a mudpack as if dressed for a minstrel show) they came to see what happened to their town, to see if it was indeed be burnt and bleeding. Many of them also came to die.Carlin Street was thronged with them, a riptide of them, moving downtown through the hectic light in the sky, when Carrie came out of the Carlin Street Congregational Church, where she had been praying.She had departed in only five minutes before, after opening the gas main (it had been easy as soon as she visualize it lying in that location under the street it had been easy), but it seemed like hours. She had prayed long and deeply, sometimes aloud, sometimes silently. Her core group thudded and laboured. The veins on her face and neck bulged. Her mind was fill with the huge knowledge of POWERS, and of an ABYSS. She prayed in front of the altar, kneeling in her wet and torn and bloody gown, her feet bare and dirty and bleeding from a broken bottle she had stepped on. Her breath sobbed in and out of her throat, and the church building was filled with groanings and swayings and sunderings as psychic energy sprang from her. Pews fell, hymnals flew, and a silver Communion set cruised silently across the jump darkness of the nave to crash into the far wall. She prayed and there was no answering. No one was there or if there was, He/It was cowering from her. God had turned His face away, and why not? This horror was as much His doing as hers. And so she left the church, left it to go home and find her momma and make destruction complete.She paused on the lower step, looking at the flocks of batch streaming toward the centre of town. Animals. Let them burn, then(prenominal). Let the streets be filled with the smell of their sacrifice. Let this place be called racca, ichabod, wormwood. change by reversalAnd power transformers atop lightpoles bloomed into nacreous purple light, spi tting catherine-wheel sparks. High-tension wires fell into the streets in pick-up-sticks tangles and some of them ran, and that was bad for them because now the unanimous street was littered with wires and the smack began, the burning began. People began to scream and back away and touched the cables and went into jerky electrical dances. Some had already slumped into the street, their robes and pyjamas smouldering.Carrie turned back and looked fixedly at the church she had just left. The heavy door suddenly swung shut, as if in a hurricane wind.Carrie turned towards home.From the sworn testimony of Mrs Cora Simard, taken before The State Investigatory board (from The White Commission Report). pp. 217-218Q. Mrs Simard, the Board, understands that you lost your miss on Prom Night, and we sympathise with you deeply. We will make this as brief as possible.A. Thank you. I want to help if I can, of course.Q. Were you on Carlin Street at approximately 12.12 when Carietta White came ou t of the First Congregational Church on that street?A. Yes.Q. Why were you there?A. My husband had to be in Boston over the weekend on business and Rhonda was at the Spring Ball. I was home alone watching TV and waiting up for her. I was watching the Friday Night Movie when the town hall whistle went off, but I didnt connect that with the dance. But then the explosion I didnt know what to do. I tried to call the police but got a busy signal after the first three numbers. I IThen Q. Take your time, Mrs Simard. All the time you need.A. I was getting frantic. There was a punt explosion Teddys Amoco station, I know now And I contumacious to go downtown and see what was happening. There was a glow in the sky, an awful glow. That was when Mrs Shyres pounded on the door.Q. Mrs Georgette Shyres?A. Yes, they spicy around the corner. 217 Willow. Thats just of Carlin Street. She. was pounding and calling Cora, are you in there? Are you in there? I went to the door. She was in her bath-r obe and slippers. Her feet looked cold. She said they had called Auburn to see if they knew anything and they told her the school was on make off. I said Oh good God, Rhondas at the dance.Q. Is this when you decided to go downtown with Mrs Shyres?A. We didnt decide anything. We just went. I put on a pair of slippers Rhondas, I think. They had little white puffballs on them. I should name worn my shoes, but I wasnt thinking. I guess Im not thinking now. What do you want to hear about my shoes for?Q. You dissever it in your own way, Mrs Simard.A. T-Thank you. I gave Mrs Shyres some old jacket that was around, and we went.Q. Were there many people walking down Carlin street?A. I dont know. I was too upset. Maybe thirty. Maybe more.Q. What happened?A. Georgette and I were walking toward Main Street, holding hands just like two little girls walking across a hayfield after dark. Georgettes teeth were clicking. I remember that. I wanted to ask her to stop clicking her teeth, but I tho ught it would be impolite. A block and a half from the Congo Church, I saw the door open and I thought Someone has gone in to ask Gods help. But a second later(prenominal) I knew that wasnt true.Q. How did you know? It would be logical to assume just what you first assumed, wouldnt it?A. I just knew. Q. Did you know the person who came out of the church?A. Yes. It was Carrie White.Q. Had you ever seen Carrie White before?A. No. She was not one of my daughters friends.Q. Had you ever seen a picture of Carrie White?A. No.Q. And in any case, it was dark and you were a block and a half from the church.A. Yes, sir.Q. Mrs Simard, how did you know it was Carrie White?A. I just knew.Q. This knowing, Mrs Simard was it like a light going on in your head?A. No, sir.Q. What way itA. I cant tell you. It faded away the way a dream does. An hour after you get up you can only remember you had a dream. But I knew.Q. Was there an emotional feeling that went with this knowledge?A. Yes. Horror.Q. What did you do then?A. I turned to Georgette and said There she is. Georgette said Yes, thats her. She started to say something else, and then the whole street was lit up by a bright glow and there were crackling noises and then the power lines started to fall into the street, some of them spitting live sparks. One of them hit a man in front of us and he b-burst into flames. Another man started to run and he stepped on one of them and his remains just arched backward, as if his back had turned into elastic. And then he fell down. Other people were screaming and running, just running blindly, and more and more cables fell. They were strung all over the place like snakes. And she was glad about it. Glad I could feel her being glad. I knew I had to keep my head. The people who were running were getting electrocuted. Georgette said Quick, Cora. Oh God, I dont want to get burned alive. I said, Stop that. We have to use our heads, Georgette, or well never use them again. Something wild lik e that. But she wouldnt listen. She let go of my hand and started to ran for the sidewalk. I screamed at her to stop there was one of those heavy main cables broken off right in front of us but she didnt listen. And she she oh, I could smell her when she started to burn. Smoke just seemed to burst out of her clothes and I thought thats what it must be like when someone gets electrocuted. The smell was sweet like pork. Have any of you ever smelled that? Sometimes I smell it in my dreams. I stood still, watching Georgette Shyres turn black. There was a big explosion over in the West End-the gas main, I suppose but I never even find it. I looked around and I was all alone. Everyone else had either run away or was burning. I saw maybe six bodies. They were like piles of old rags. One of the cables had fallen on to the porch of a kinsfolk to the left, and it was catching on fire. I could hear the old-fashioned shake shingles popping like Corn. it seemed like I stood there a long ti me, telling myself to keep my head. It seemed like hours. I began to be afraid that I would faint and fall on one of the cables, or that I would panic and start to run. Like like Georgette. So then I started to walk. One step at a time. Me street got even brighter, because of the burning house. I stepped over two live wires and went around a body that wasnt much more than a puddle. I-I-I had to look to see where I was going. There was a wedding ring on the bodys hand, but it was all black. All black. Jesus, I was Oh dear Lord. I stepped over another one and then there were three, all at once. I just stood there looking at them. I thought if I got over those Id be all right but I didnt dare. Do you know what I kept thinking of? That game you play when youre kids, Giant Step. A voice in my mind was saying, Cora, take one giant step over the live wires in the street. And I was thinking May P May P One of them was still spitting a few sparks, but the other two looked dead. But you can t tell. The third rail looks dead too. So I stood there, waiting for someone to come and nobody did. The house was still burning and the flames had spread to the lawn and the trees and the hedge beside it. But no fire trucks came. Of course they didnt. The whole west side was burning up by that time. And I felt so faint. And at last I knew it was take the giant step or faint and so I took it, as big a giant step as I could, and the heel of my slipper came down not an inch from the last wire. Then I got over and went around the end of one more wire and then I started to run. And thats all I remember. When morning came I was lying on a blanket in the police station with a lot of other people. Some of them a few-were kids in their perambulation get-ups and I started to ask them if they had seen Rhonda. And said they s-s-said (A short recess)Q. You are personally real that Carrie White did this? A. Yes.Q. Thank you, Mrs Simard.A. Id like to ask a question, if you please.Q. Of course .A. What happens if there are others like her? What happens to the world?From The Shadow Exploded (p. 15 1)By 1245 on the morning of May 28, the situation in Chamberlain was critical. The school had burned itself out on a fairly isolated piece of ground, but the stallion downtown area was ablaze. Almost all the city water in that area had been tapped, but enough was available (at low pressure) from Deighan Street water mains to save the business buildings below the intersection of Main and Oak a.The explosion of Tonys Citgo on upper Summer Street had resulted in a ferocious fire that was not to be controlled until nearly ten oclock that morning. There was water on Summer Street, there simply were no firemen or fire-fighting equipment to utilize it. Equipment was then on its way from Lewiston, Auburn, Lisbon and Brunswick, but nothing arrived until one oclock.On Carlin Street, an electrical fire, caused by downed power lines, had begun. It was eventually to gut the entire north side of the street, including the bungalow where Margaret White gave birth to her daughter.On the west end of town, just below what is commonly caned Brickyard Hill, the worst disaster had taken place. The explosion of a gas main and a resulting fire that raged out of control through most of the next day.And if we look at these flash points on a municipal be (see page facing), we can pick out Carries route a wandering, looping path of destruction through the town, but one with an almost certain computer address home Something toppled over in the living room, and Margaret White straightened up, cocking her head to one side. The butcher spit glittered dully in the light of the flames. The electric power had gone off sometime before, and the only fight in the house came from the fire up the street.One of the pictures fell from the wall with a thump. A moment later the Black Forest cuckoo clock fell. The mechanical bird gave a small, strangled squawk and was still.From the town the sir ens whooped endlessly, but she could still hear the footsteps when they turned up the walk.The door blew open. Steps in the hall.She heard the plaster plaques in the living room (CHRIST, THE UNSEEN GUEST, WHAT WOULD JESUS DO, THE HOUR DRAWETH NIGH IF TONIGHT BECAME JUDGMENT, WOULD YOU BE READY) trigger one after the other, like plaster birds in a shooting gallery.(o ive been there and seen the harlots shimmy on wooden stages)She sat up on her bottom like a very bright scholar who has gone to the head of the class, but her eyes were deranged.The living-room windows blew outward.The kitchen door dammed and Carrie walked in.Her body seemed to have become twisted, shrunken, cronelike. The prom dress was in tatters and flaps, and the pig blood had began to clot and streak. There was a smudge of grease on her forehead and both knees were scraped and raw-looking.Momma, she whispered. Her eyes were preternaturally bright, hawklike, but her mouth was trembling. If someone had been them to watch, he would have been struck by the resemblance between them.Margaret White sat on her kitchen stool, the carving knife hidden among the folds of her dress in her lap.I should have killed myself when he put it in me, she said clearly. After the first time, before we were married, he promised. Never again. He said we just slipped. I believed him. I fell down and I lost the baby and that was Gods judgment. I felt that the sin had been expiated. By blood. But sin never dies. criminality never dies. Her eyes glittered.MommaAt first it was all right. We lived sinlessly. We slept in the same bed, belly to belly sometimes, and O, I could feel the presence of the Serpent, but we never did until. She began to grin, and it was a hard, terrible grin. And that night I could see him looking at me That Way. We got down on our knees to pray for strength and he touched me. In that place. That woman place. And I sent him out of the house. He was gone for hours, and I prayed for him. I could see him in my minds eye, walking the midnight streets, wrestling with the devil as Jacob wrestled with the Angel of the Lord. And when he came back, my heart was filled with thanksgiving.She paused, grinning her dry, spitless grin into the shifting shadows of the room.Momma, I dont want to hear itPlates began to explode in the cupboards like clay pigeons.It wasnt until he came in that I smelled the whiskey on his breath. And he took me. Took me With the stink of filthy roadhouse whiskey still on him he took me and I liked it She screamed out the last words at the ceiling. I liked it o all that dirty fucking and his hands on me ALL OVER MEMOMMA(MOMMA)She broke off as if slapped and blinked at her daughter I almost killed myself, she said in a more normal tone of voice. And Ralph wept and talked about atonement and I didnt and then he was dead and then I thought God had visited me with cancer that He was turning my female parts into something as black and rotten as my sinning soul. But that would have been too easy. The Lord works in mysterious ways, His wonders to perform. I see that now. When the pains began I went and got a knife this knife- she held it up -and waited for you to come so I could make my sacrifice. But I was weak and backsliding. I took this knife in hand again when you were three, and I backslid again. So now the devil has come home.She held the knife up, and her eyes fastened hypnotically on the glittering hook of its blade.Carrie took a slow, blundering step forward.

Panera Bread Company: Rising Fortunes? Essay

Maxis Berhad, with its consolidated subsidiaries (together, Maxis), is the leading restless communications inspection and repair supplier in Malaysia with over 11.4 million officious subscribers as of 30 June 2009. Maxis was granted licences to operate a nation all-embracing GSM900 mobile network, a domestic fixed network and an internationalist gateway in 1993. It commenced its mobile operations in August 1995 and launched its fixed line and international gateway operations in early 1996. Since its establishment, Maxis has been providing a full suite of function on dual platforms to fulfil the telecommunications needs of individual consumers, SMEs and large corporations in Malaysia. Maxis mobile service is offered on a postpaid basis infra the Maxis imperfection and via a prepaid format under the Hotlink brand.The use of these two distinct brands, underpinned by synergistic values, has enabled Maxis to develop its prepaid business successfully while maintaining appendage in its postpaid segment. Maxis has likewise pi wizardered and led the Malaysian marketplace in delivering innovative mobile harvestings and services. It was the first off to launch 3G services in Malaysia as cognize as Maxis3G in July 2005, and in September 2006, it became among the worlds first to use HSDPA, a high-speed upgrade of its 3G network, to provide wireless broadband services. It was the first operator to bring the BlackBerry and Apple iPhone smart phones to Malaysia.The company in April 2009 unveiled the first commercial NFC- index numbered service in Malaysia. Maxis provides enhanced postpaid packages to integrated and SME customers, based on its highly successful consumer postpaid plans. These plans atomic number 18 custom-made to meet the needs of cypherprises, in peculiar(a) remedyd communications within and beyond their compound. Maxis international gateway services complicate termination of traffic into Malaysia from international telecommunications co mpanies, supporting Maxis own outbound international direct dial (IDD) traffic, collecting international pilgrimage traffic and bandwidth leasing services.MissionA mission statement is a statement of the purpose of a company or organization. The mission statement should guide the actions of the organization, bandage out its overall goal, provide a path, and guidedecision-making. The mission of this Maxis company argon Today* Malaysias leading mobile communications service providerTomorrow* The nations premier integrated communications service providerVisionDefines and describes the future day situation that a company wishes to puzzle, the intention of the imagination is to guide, to control and to encourage the organization as a whole to reach the desirable state of the organization. The vision of the company is the response to the question of what do we indigence our organization to be? Corporative values ar the answer to the question of what we believe into and how we are. The vission of Maxis Berhad is To bring the future to our customers lives and businesses, in a manner that is simple, personalised and enriching, by expeditiously and creatively harnessing leading-edge engineering science and delivering a brand of service experience that is reliable and enchanting.ObjectiveAn end that shtup be reasonably achieved within an expected timeframe and with open resources. In general, an objective is broader in scope than a goal, and may consist of several individual goals. Objectives are a basic tools that underlying all intend and strategic activities. They serve as the basis for policy and performance appraisals.This is what Maxis stands for Simple* We aim to keep open everything we do as simple as possible. For example, customers understand what it is we are telling them because we do it in a way that is straightforward and easy to understand. We fetch things simple for everyone, including ourselves. Keeping things simple also means that everyt hing we say is say in a clear direct tone of voice that is friendly and human.Trustworthy* Trust is crucial in every successful relationship and this is align between customers and Maxis, just as it is true between the company and itsemployees. All good relationships are built on trust which inspires confidence, and, assurance, conviction and reliance. To be faithful is a way of life.Creative* Creativity defines us and therefore differentiates us from our competition. It inspires not only our communication style, but also how we answer the phone, design our stores, and shell out with challenges. Creative runs through everything we do and everything we say, its in our DNA.Brave* To lead people into unexampled territories we digest to be brave. We corroborate the courage to try new things, to take the occasional calculated risk, to go where our competitors have not been. It ensures that we stay at the forefront and that our customers benefit from new and better ways of doing th ings. It means doing the effective thing, rather than the easy thing. It means having the courage of our convictions. Brave is the quality of a true leader.StrategyGiven this context within our corporate strategy, in 2011 we reviewed our brisk activities and identified new initiatives to stimulate a CR strategy with three pillars. Developing and enriching our community, customers and partners, creating a great place to work and, Advocating environmentally friendly practices. Maxis CR initiatives are governed by our CR Philosophies, which prescribe that the initiatives are aligned to our corporate strategy and CR Mission and create value to all our stakeholders. That is, the initiatives must have a positive impact that give notice be shared across Maxis, our stakeholders and the nation. 1. Developing & Enriching Our Community, Customers & Partners * Being a customer-focused organisation, with a large and complex supply chain, we are uniquely positioned to touch the lives of many people.Our ambition is to make this contact an enriching experience for everyone. Simply by providing telecommunication connectivity to remote and rural communities, we can drastically improve peoples lives. But our reach goes further than that. We can offer better products and services to customers who have a choice of service providers. We can lay down and develop the communities in which we operate, through our Cyberkids Programme initiatives and scholarships. And,we take very seriously our responsibility to positively influence our supply chain so that it is healthier, safer and more sustainable.2. Creating a Great Place To Work* At Maxis, we have always said that our employees are critical to our success. We regard leadership as an essential part of our business, especially to fulfil our goals to be the premier integrated communications service provider in Malaysia. Therefore, we invest significantly in leadership development and training, as good(p) as nurturing the talent of our employees. We value the diversity that colleagues bring, with individuals able to see things with different perspectives and fresh ideas. We have measures in place to ensure that our workplaces embrace this diversity. We telephone also that it is substantial to get the fundamentals of employment right health and safety, and benefits and rights.3. Advocating Environmentally Friendly Practices* Our sector is evolving rapidly and a significant challenge for us is to keep ahead of the technology curve, whilst understanding and evaluating the sometimes unknown impacts of new products and services. We have to balance the make for innovation with the responsibility to do no harm. In addition, we are committed to driving efficiencies in our operations in order to deoxidise our carbon footprint and to manage waste effectively. We also want to advocate this to our partners and customers. universal ENVIRONMENT ANALYSISExternal AnalysisThe external synopsis is critical for a smashe d to understand to be able to realize the opportunities and threats that exist in the perseverance they are competing in to help achieve a strategic competitiveness. The external analysis consists of a general environmental analysis, industry analysis, five forces analysis, industry competitors analysis, and the key success factors for the industry.General Environment AnalysisIn order for a company to effectively get by in an industry, an analysis of its specific industry must be undertaken. This is done to provide the firm with a description of the elements in society that directly effect the industry and the room managers must take to implement appropriate strategies to survive. This study is usually referred to as the general environmental analysis. It primarily consists of five primary factors, which are political/legal, economic, socio cultural, ecological, and expert or also known as STEEP Analysis. These five sections describe the external environmental factors a firm m ust understand to effectively compete in a specific market.1. Social cultural Forces* The sociocultural dimension is especially important because it determines the goods, services, and standards that society values. The sociocultural force includes the demographics and values of a particular customer base. Age, gender, and income are examples of commonly used demographic characteristics. * Maxis contributions is to the development of Malaysia must also go beyond paying statutory levies and the jobs their provide. Maxis have to address long-run strategic issues affecting the nations ability to grow. They are proud that Maxis is taking an active role in stemming the brain drain, which poses a threat to their go along as a society.Maxis scholarships, aimed at their employees and customerschildren, are designed to encourage young Malaysians to reap experience abroad, then come back to share those experiences and contribute to the future of their nation. * Maxis provide full coverage t o markets across Malaysia, including Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak (both in Malaysian Borneo). Together with our subsidiaries, Maxis provides a full suite of communications services on multiple platforms to meet the growing needs of individual subscribers, families, small and medium enterprises, large corporations and the Malaysian Government2. Techological Forces* Technological forces influence organizations in several ways. A technological innovation can have a sudden and dramatic effect on the environment of a firm. First, technological developments can significantly alter the demand for an organizations or industrys products or services.Technological change can decimate alive businesses and even entire industries, since its shifts demand from one product to another. * Maxis was also the first telecommunication service provider to introduce a range of smartphones to Malaysia including the BlackBerry and the Apple iPhone. In 2010, Maxis set an industry milestone by pu lping the largest 3G network with 76 per cent population coverage and by signing the landmark High Speed Broadband Access (HSBA) transcription with Telekom Malaysia Berhad as well as the infrastructure share agreement with Tenaga Nasional Berhad. As at 30 June 2011, Maxis 3G footprint coverage was at 81 per cent of the outlandishs population. In comparison with global mobile operators, Maxis is a leading provider of non-voice services.3. Economic Forces* Economic forces refer to the nature and direction of the economy in which business operates. Economic factors have a tremendous impact on business firms. The general state of the economy for an example depression, recession, recovery, or prosperity, interest rate, microscope stage of the economic cycle, balance of payments, monetary policy, fiscal policy, are key variables in corporate investment, employment, and pricing decisions. * In 2010, Maxis invested more than RM80 million in network coverage, widening our footprint over r emote areas of Sarawak, enhancing network quality in towns and suburbs in Sabah, and expanding broadband coverage to industrial and commercial areas in north Borneo, which is an underserved frontier. * During 2010, Maxis invested RM1.44 billion to build upon the significant modernisation first begun in 2009, expanding the reach and capacity of ournetworks and support infrastructure. Overall, Maxis capital expenditure was RM482 million in the first half of 2011.4. bionomical Forces* Ecological economics is a transdisciplinary field of academic research that aims to address the interdependence and coevolution of human economies and natural ecosystems over time and space. It is distinguished from environmental economics, which is the mainstream economic analysis of the environment, by its treatment of the economy as a subsystem of the ecosystem and its emphasis upon preserving natural capital. * Maxis efforts toreduce our carbon footprint began with modernisation of end-to-end network equipment for better elan vital efficiency.Additionally, Maxis have adopted more energyefficient DC rectifiers and outdoor shelters which are innovative systems to manage heat in existing shelters and to drive down energy deployment. Maxis have also drawn on renewable energy solutions such as solar to replace diesel powered remote base stations and their have advocated network-sharing, with over 54% of our base station sites shared with other operators. Maxis efforts have been supplemented by tree-planting.5. Political-Legal Forces* Political and legal forces are two of the three most important aspects for a business, with social forces being the third. Politics is a changing scene, and the rules and laws will change not regularly but often enough. Political forces are governments and colored bodies that decree certain rules, regulations, laws or restrictions with regards the way a country is run. * The Groups Code of Business Practice declaration applies to all officers and empl oyees who are necessitate to affirm on a yearly basis their commitment to observe the Code of Business Practice. It also provides guidelines for the manner in which all employees should conduct themselves in the workplace while performing their daily duties for Maxis and as a Maxis employee.TASK ENVIRONMENT ANALYSISA corporations scanning of the environment should include analyses of all relevant elements in the task environment. Managers need to consider the competitive environment, also referred to as the task environment or industry environment. The profitability of the firm and the nature of competition in the industry are more directly influenced by developments in the competitive environment. Industry can be defined as a group of firms producing a similar product or service. The firm interacts with a more specific environment, the industry. Four main components that exert influence on industry are suppliers, competitors and potential substitutes, potential entrants and buyers .Michael Porters Approach to Industry AnalysisThe five forces model developed by Michael E. Porter, has been the most commonly utilized analytical tool for examining the competitive environment. It describes the competitive environment in terms of five basic forces such as threat of new entrants, talk terms power of the firms suppliers, bargaining power of the firms customers, threat of substitute products, and intensity of rivalry among firms.1. Threat Of New Entrants* New entrants is newcomers to an existing industry. They typically bring new capacity, a desire to gain market share, and substantial resources. Entry barrier is an obstruction that makes it difficult for a company to enter an industry. Economies of scale, product differentiation, capital requirements, switching costs, access to distribution channels, cost disadvantage independent of size, government policy are examples of entry barriers. * New technology as we know communication technology are very fast and various (MMS, Mobile Portal, VAP, and 3G), compete by new entrants for examples Celcom and DIGI. Maxis come with Hotlink club and brand individualism for teenagers. Maxis also come with 8 region of same rate calling rate 0.65 cents.2. Rivalry Among Existing Firms* Rivalry is amount of direct competition in an industry. Intense rivalry is related to the presence of the following factors which are number of competitors, rate of industry growth, product or service characteristics, amount of fixed costs, capacity, round top of exit barriers and diversity of rivals. * Competition on price with another company Digi, Celcom, Internet phone.Compete also with the coverage and wide of services offered. IT take placed for Maxis to create a web that manage Hotlinkclub.com. provide customer loyalty by type of free services and activities. Besides that is Merge with TimeCel to come with more wide coverage.3. Threat Of Substitute Products Or Services* Substitute products which is products that appear di fferent but can satisfy the same need as another product. The macrocosm of products outside of the realm of the common productboundaries increases the propensity ofcustomers to switch toalternatives. Its includes buyer propensity to substitute, relative price performance of substitute, buyer switching costs, perceived level of product differentiation, substandard product and quality depreciation. * For example reduce demand of Maxis services compete with Digi with new technology (internetTv and 3G). Besides that, internet charting and conferencing free service make Maxis enconstrained to reduce the service charge. Maxis improve the price by provided some free services like free sms and free football result.4. Bargaining precedent Of Buyers* The bargaining power of customers is also described as the market of outputs and the ability of customers to put the firm under pressure, whichalso affects the customers sensitivity to price changes. Buyers can affect industry through their abi lity to force down prices, bargain for higher quality or more services, and dally competitors against each other. * Price of SMS forced down from 0.60 cents to 0.01 cents. In fact, Maxis provide wide coverage in Malaysia by merge withTimecel. Maxis have a high technology server and satellite technology upgrade to capture the wide range of communications services.5. The Bargaining Power Of Suppliers* Suppliers can affect an industry through their ability to raise prices or reduce the quality of purchased goods and services. The bargaining power of suppliers is also described as the market of inputs. Suppliers of raw materials, components, labor, and services(such as expertise) to the firm can be a source of power over the firm,when there are few substitutes. * Price raised charge for satellite provided by Telekom. Maxis request more variety of services like MMS, 3G, mobile conferencing using more type of server at manyplace from northern Malaysiato the southern.SWOT ANALYSISA SWOT a nalysis generates information that is helpful in coordinated an organizations or a groups goals, programs, and capacities to the social environment in which they operate. It is an instrument within strategic planning. SWOT analysis can be understood as the examination of anorganizations internal strengths and weaknesses, and its environments opportunities, and threats. Maxis Berhad started their operations in the year 1995 being the leading mobile communication service provider in Malaysia with more than 11.4 million mobile subscribers up to date. (Maxis Berhad, 2011)SWOT is the acronym for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats where it will be used to assess the business as it is important for companies to go SWOT on their companies. It will also be analyze in this report on how the strengths will be used to overcome the weaknesses as well as the opportunities overcoming the threats. Strengths and weaknesses will be analyzing on the companys internal factors whereas op portunities and threats will be analyzing on the companys external factors.1. StrengthsThere are several main telecommunication in Malaysia comprising Digi, Celcom, U-Mobile and Maxis. As compared to the above competitors, Maxis strength is that Maxis had a wider coverage in most towns around Malaysia and also covers north-south highways. Also, compared with other competitors, the customer service quality is better in terms of efficiency. Maxis is one of the pioneer telecommunication companies apart from Celcom and has the latest technology HSDPA(3.5G) or Fibre-to-the-Home (FTTH) .2. WeaknessCompetitors gain market share. Celcom has been rather aggressive over the past one year, and is expected to continue with this momentum. We are cognizant that Maxis market share may come under pressure. However, we think Maxis has turned the corners, and is on track to winning back subscribers and revenue market shares, now that it had reverted to the more popular 30-second charging blocks. Besi des that, Maxis does not offer triple play of mobile, broadband, and pay TV. Growing enterprise business may entail more capex, and Maxis can only selectively grow its enterprise business.3. OpportunitiesYoung demographics that is data hungry. 32% of the Malaysian population is under 15 years old, which is a prime target for broadband services over the next 15 years. New mobile devices, for example iPhone (4G) and recentlylaunched iPad drive demand for broadband services. Under-served broadband population offers great growth opportunities. Selective enterprise opportunities as Maxis build backhaul capacity generally for wireless broadband it can target some of the lucrative enterprise business using the same backhaul network. Potential for triple play if tie-up with theme provider or broadcaster.4. ThreatsDigis launch of the iPhone last week could put further pressure on Maxis. Aggressive broadband promotions by wireless competitors, including WiMAX players. ARPU under competitive pressures. Adjustments to interconnect rates may pressure Maxis earnings as the company is a net receiver of calls.

Rhetorical Analysis Reflections Essay

I struggle with Rhetorical psychoanalysis bear witnesss, but this particular story seemed to puzzle me more than the other rhetorical analysis essays that I have come across this year. The score I received was an 8, and I was honestly quite surprised to see that. I knew I had written a publisher to pass, but to show that I had sufficiently written the paper shocked me. This essay was tough in particular because the rhetorical strategies were very difficult to locate. I check offd that Richard Rodriguez wrote using a lot of compare and contrast, so I based my essay off of that. With that idea, I detailed the technique in great detail, and that may have accounted for the high score that I received.The paper was very well structured, but it was very one-sided in my opinion. The main reason I was unsure about a high score was due to a lack of inclusion of other rhetorical strategies. I knew that the paper was well written, but I was not necessarily sure how well I was going to do. While reading sample essays released from Collegeboard , I did notice that they were looking for something to do with compare and contrast, and I believe that is why I scored to high on the paper. I did not know that compare and contrast was a rhetorical technique, but it is good to take your idea, and let your thoughts flow. That is how you create very strong authorship. WC 250 middle west Rhetorical abstract ReflectionThe Midwest Rhetorical Analysis Essay was hard to hold open because I had a lack of interest towards this particular prompt. The Midwest has never fascinated me it has always been the West or atomic number 99 Coast that I have been rightfully interested in. My lack of interest towards the Midwest made it a very difficult write. Over the year, when I am given topics that interest and fascinate me, I am qualified to write them very well. However if I am given a prompt which I do not really care about, I will pick the easier side towrite about and go from there. P assion elevates my writing. The lack of passion towards this essay is the reason it is not written very well.It was a difficult write, and I am positive that with a prompt involving the west or east coast, your writing improves. The score of 6 that I received is due to the fact that this paper was very adequate, and easy to follow. The text is very boring, but the reason it was scored as a passing paper if primarily due to following the necessary standards of the AP scoring rubric for 6 papers. Cause and effect was the main strategy that I utilise in talking about rhetorical devices. I used it to explain how the Midwest is not the same as people may perceive it. The Midwest has a lot to offer, and people just need to give it a chance and figure out what is hiding within the land. WC 259Summative Rhetorical Analysis ReflectionI believe I deserved the score of an 8 on this paper. I really connected to the text, and my ideas just started flowing. This paper demonstrated a lot of my st rengths as a writer, and my score reflects that. My use of personal anecdotes to describe the authors imagery and pathos really enhanced my essay. I was able to use personal evidence amd samples from the text to demonstrate my ability to master this paper. Essays that I can relate to are very easy to describe and write about. That is exactly what happened as I was writing this paper. The text, Last Child in the Woods reminded me of my childhood, and I used specific example from the text to describe that. This paper displayed much strength and very few weaknesses.A problem I have with my writing is poor grammar, and I believe that is due to the timing factor. You really have no time to fix your mistakes when you are crunched for time. Luckily you are scored on what you do well rather than everything that you have done wrong considering that this paper is not a finished product. Anecdotes, contrasting views, imagery, and pathos were all rhetorical strategies that I have present in my essay. This was the final rhetorical essay that I had written all year, and my improvement is clearly demonstrated from my first essay to my last. Improvement is key, and I am happy to have my best writing at the end of the year rather than the start. WC 262

Discipline and Improve Students Behaviour in Classroom Education Essay

The problem of how best to cultivate and improve learners demeanor in prepareroom is of permanent interest. This re att subvert is oriented to searching divers(prenominal) methodologies concerning students behaviour in classrooms, teachers discipline strategies and behavioural management. Different points of view and different examples for appropriate behaviour hurt been discussed referring to the emergence. The sources reviewed present different solutions. This paper examines also the classroom environment and its relation to successful behaviour implementation.The first paragraphs give different definitions conversant with behaviour and discipline according to the authors view. The continuation of the literature review is presented by different approaches and strategies concerning a good behavioural management. This elaboration sets out some of the arguments and recommendations which are discussed in more detail. Charles C. M. submits several definitions corresponding to be haviour Behaviour refers to everything that multitude do. Misbehaviour is behaviour that is non appropriate to the setting or situation in which it occurs.Discipline are strategies, procedures, and structures that teachers use to support a positive nurtureing environment. Behaviour management is a science that puts an accent on what teachers have to do to prevent misbehaviour (Charles 1). Students behaviour depends on several factors such as traditions, demographic settings, economic resources, family, experiences, and more. Some authors have made important contributions in managing classroom discipline related the twentieth century.Jacob Kounin (1971), one of them, reports that appropriate student behaviour can be maintained through classroom organization, lesson management, and approach to various(prenominal) students. Rudolf Dreikurs (1972) on the other hand emphasizes the desire to belong as a ancient need of students in schooldays. He identifies types of misbehaviour and gives conceits about how to make students feel a part of the class or group (p. 63). William Glasser (1986) shows another view, making a geek that the behaviour of someone else cannot be chastenessled. He reckons that everybody can only control his own behaviour.Personally I support this idea that we must control ourselves. According to the opinion of the other authors, Linda Alberts, Barbara Colorosos, Nelson and Lotts a good discipline in the classroom can be achieved through Belonging, Cooperation, and Self-Control. A similar idea of classroom management is also presented by Rackel C. F who declares that the teachers, considered it was necessary, to develop students sense of belonging to the school (p. 1071) The author supports the opinion of the significance of a good school climate and tells that it might be precondition for facilitating positive youth development (Rackel C.F 1071). In order to attain to a good classroom atmosphere there is a need of growing positive relat ionship between students and teachers, motivation the students participation and clear rules to control classroom discipline (Rackel C. F 1072). In addition these above-mentioned views can be defined as a positive outlook as regards to improving the classroom management. Another point of view inside the subject of managing discipline is through active student involvement and through pragmatic schoolroom management (Charles, C. M. 2007, p. 7).Discipline through raising student responsibility is also positively oriented approach for classroom management. The three principles that improve behaviour presented in the article Self-assessment of understanding are positivity, choice, and reflection (Charles, C. M. 12). at that place the author explains the principles meaning. He states that being positive means being a motivator. When students have opportunity to share their choices they can present themselves with a good behaviour. inquire students questions that encourage them to refle ct on their behaviour can help them to change behaviour (Charles 14).Rebecca Giallo and Emma Little (2003, p. 22) from RMIT University Australia give their comments also on classroom behaviour management. They bring that confidence is one of the most important characteristic that influence teachers effectiveness in classroom management. Giallo and Little (2003, 22) based on the previous statement of Evans & Tribble behave that less confident teachers seem more vulnerable to stressful classrooms. They maintain the theory that the classroom stress is a reason for giving up a teachers career. In school the stress can be overcome through involving of drastic measures concerning managing a good discipline.One of the most frequent strategy for solving behaviour problems is punishment. By reason of the popularity of the subject in the field of education, many experts have written articles and books as well as tending(p) lectures on discipline and punishment. Anne Catey based on Dreiku rs words considers that there is no need of using punishment in class. Based on Cateys words kids need to have a chance they can share their ideas in the class (1). This is the best way to smooth, productive functioning in schools (Charles, C. M, 1999).Anne Catey from Cumberland soaring School gets an interview from several teachers in Illinois district about their discipline practices. She accepts the suggestion given by Lawrence as mentioning that, very effective technique is a brief conference, either in the hallway or after class, with the misbehaving student (Punishment, 1). Anne Catey has her own techniques for classroom management. She dis approves with Lawrence viewing about humour as one of the perverting strategies for effective discipline and believes that using of humour can be effective if done without abasing the students (Punishment, 1).In this way she gives each one a bit of individual attention. When some of her students are a bit distracted on one task, talking t o friends instead of reading Catey says, Since I always assume the best of my students, I assume the noise I hear is students reading clamorously or discussing their novels. However, its time to read silently now instead of reading aloud (Punishment, 1). This sounds as a good strategy but personally I disclaim this thesis. This doesnt work all the time. I am trying to be strict with my students and according to this the pupils have to observe the rules in my classes.That doesnt mean that I admit the severe punishment but rarely the stern warnings. I agree with the following techniques used by Anne Catey (2001) to modify behaviour including giving zeroes for incomplete, inappropriate, and/or missing work and taking points off at the end of a quarter for lack of participation and/or poor listening. As expected, these methods are effective for some of the pupils but not for the others. Related to the above-mentioned topic it could be noticed some of the classroom discipline strategies utilized in Australia, China and Israel.On the basis of elaborated research in these countries some psychologists and school principals (Xing Qui, Shlomo Romi, 2005) conclude that Chinese teachers appear less punitive and aggressive than do those in Israel or Australia. Australian classrooms are presented as having least discussion and credit entry and most punishment. In Australia (Lewis, 2005) as concerned to the study the teachers are characterized by two distinct discipline styles. The first of these is called Coercive discipline and comprises punishment and trespass (yelling in anger, sarcasm group punishments,etc).The second style, comprising discussion, hints, recognition, involvement and Punishment, is called Relationship based discipline (Lewis 7). Coercive discipline according to the above-mentioned authors means the teachers behaviour is such as shouting all the time, unfairly blaming students, picking on kids, and being rude, to stimulate student resistance and subseq uent misbehaviour (Lewis, Ramon 2). The magnificence of classroom discipline arises not only from students behaviour and learning as outlined above.It depends also on the role of the teacher. Sometimes it is obvious that teachers are not be able to manage students classroom discipline and it can result in stress. So,classroom discipline is a cohesion of teacher stress (Lewis 3). Chan (1998), reports on the stressors of over 400 teachers in Hong Kong, claims that student behaviour management rates as the second most significant factor stressing teachers. In the article Teachers Classroom discipline several strategies have been presented for improving classroom management.They are Punishing (move students seats, detention), Rewarding (rewards, praises), Involvement in decision-making (decides with the class what should happen to students who misbehave), Hinting, Discussion and Aggression. Another strategy for improving discipline in class is conducting questionnaires between the stud ents. It is an appropriate approach for defining students opinion about behaviour problems. In each Chinese and Israeli school a random sample of classes at all year levels have been selected.As a research assistant administered questionnaires to these classes their teachers completed their questionnaires (Yakov J. Katz 7). In resemblance to all of the mentioned countries the model in China is a little different in that students support use of all strategies except Aggression and Punishment. Based on the conducted research the only strategy to range within a country by more than 2 ranks is Punishment, which ranks as the most common strategy in Australia, and the fourth and fifth most commonly used strategy in Israel and China. The author, Xing Qui generalises that, there is not more Punishment at the level 7-12.Classroom discipline techniques showed that students in China, compared to those in Australia or Israel, report less usage of Punishment and Aggression and greater use of Di scussion and the other positive strategies. At the end of their article Teachers classroom discipline and Student Misbehaviour in Australia, China and Israel (p. 14) the authors recommend that teachers need to work harder to gain quality relationships with difficult students. What I have drawn from reviewing literature so far is that teachers are able to use different techniques for enhancing classroom management in their profession.After making a primitive survey on the above-mentioned issue I would like calmly to express my position. It is harder for the teacher to keep the student focused on any facade instruction. Thats why as with all classroom management practices, the teachers should adapt what they like to their classroom, taking into consideration the age, ethnicity, and personality of the class as a group, and of them as teachers. Much of the disruptive behaviour in the classroom can be alleviated before they become serious discipline problems. Such behaviours can be red uced by the teachers ability to employ effective organizational practices.These skills are individual for each teacher. The lecturer should become familiar with school policies concerning acceptable student behaviour and disciplinary procedures. Establishing rules to guide the behaviour of students is also important. Once these standards are set up the teachers have to stick to them. I agree with the authors who prefer involving the positive approach in behaviour management. But I also accept that some situations are more complicated than the others and in this case the teachers must take drastic measures against inappropriate students behaviour.