White People and Black Girl Essay Example for Free

White People and Black Girl EssaySince Afri behind American literature started back in the 18th century, the majority of these writings chiefly cogitateed on racism, ethnicity, and the struggle of African-American people. Nadine Gordimer and Patricia Smith argon merely devil contributors to this area of literature. In my paper I will compare and severalize the short story by Nadine Gordimer, Country Lovers, and the poem, What Its Like Being a Black Girl, written by Patricia Smith.In some(prenominal) pieces of literature, the focus is put on the racial background and ethnicities, considering that the of import characters or protagonists are black women, dealing with some degree of discrimination because of the color of their skin. It is common k straightledge that racism has been a major issue which has tainted clubhouse, and the African-American people, particularly females have been dealing with the effects of racism, and have experient the effects of discrimination a nd racism. (Clugston, 2010).In the short story Country Lovers, a forbidden love between a black female child named Thebedi and a white male named Paulus, is depicted. In the story, two main characters are brought together since early childhood, sp annihilateing much of the childhood days with each other. As they grow up, they became even closer, eventually falling in love. They soon realize that the racial politics of the condemnation would non allow them to maintain their relationship simply because, Paulus, being the son of a white bring forth owner and Thebedi, the daughter of a black farm workers, would be unable to show or share their love publicly.I found that there were some dramatic effect throughout this entire story. For example, when we read about the part were Paulus is going way to school, This usefully coincides with the age of twelve or thirteen so that by the time early adolescence is reached, the black children are making a broad with the bodily changes common to all, an easy transition to adult forms of address, get-go to call the gray playmates missus and baasie little master. (Clugston 2010).When Paulus watches Thebedi wading in the water, is the part of the story where I interpreted the loss of innocence and the description of a forbidden love. The schoolgirls he went naiant with at dams and pools I may bring farms were bikinis but the site of their dazzling bellies and thighs in the sunlight had never made him feel what he felt now when the girl came up to the bank and sat beside him, two drops of water beading offer dark legs the tho points of light in the earth -smelling deep shade.They were not afraid of one another, they had known one another always he did with her what he had done that time in the store room at the wedding, and this time it was so lovely, so lovely, he was surprised And she was surprised by it too he could see her dark face that was part of the shade, with her big dark eyes, calendered and soft water, wat ching him attentively as she had when they used a huddle over their teams of mud oxen, as she had when he told her about attention weekends at school. (Clugston, 2010). It is towards the end of the short story where you realize the racism.It begins when Paulus arrived back home from college over the holidays, and finds out that Thebedi had given birth to a child. When he decides to go and see Thebedi and the child, he said, You seaportt been near the house with it? (Clugston, 2010). His reaction alone reiterated the circumstance that such a thing would not be tolerated in his community. As the story continues, Paulus returned to the judgement later on it states, She thought she heard small grunts from the hut, the kind of insufficient grunt that indicates a full stomach, a deep sleep.After a time, long or short she did not know, he came out and walked away with plodding stride (his fathers gait) out of sight, towards his fathers house (Clugston 2010). For me as a reader, it became apparent that Paulus actually killed the child. After analyzing that particular part of the story it became evident that Paulus was afraid the relationship between him and Thebedi would become common knowledge, so in murdering the child, it would serve as a cover-up as if nothing happened between two of them. In the ending of the story, the police assumed the babys frame and charged Paulus with murder.During the trial, the story states that Thebedi took the stand. She cried hysterically in the witness box, saying yes, yes (the gilt hoop earrings swung in her eld), she saw the accused pouring liquid into the babys mouth. She said he had threatened to shoot her if she told anyone (Clugston 2010). A year later, when she returned to the courthouse, she tells the court that, she said that she had not seen what the white man did in the house (Clugston, 2010). Because she altered her testimony, The finding of fact on the accused was not guilty (Clugston, 2010).In the poem What Its Like to Be a Black Girl seems to depict a genuinely similar theme. In the poem, Patricia Smith tends to use rigid and strong words in order to show the seriousness of the topic she is writing about. From the very beginning of her poem, First of all, I sense of how the story is going to be told and is laid out for the reader. It presents the audience with a picture of a untried black girl transitioning into black womanhood, a place where being a black girl as strong as being a black woman is practically not a welcome thing.To help the reader understand the thoughts that run through the mind of this puberty stricken young girl, she writes, Its being 9 years old and feeling like youre not finished, like your edges are wild, like theres something, everything, wrong (Smith, 4) This particular poem, in my opinion, is how racism and discrimination, both(prenominal) of race and gender, affects this young girl as she is transitioning from a young black girl, into a young black woman, while trying to accept all the changes that are happening to her.In the line, Its popping a bleached white mop head over the kinks of your hair and primping in front of mirrors that deny your reflection. describes how this young girl wishes to look like other girls in order to be accepted in ships company. I found several tones in this poem that include not only pain and suffering, but courage is well. The poem discusses this young ladys loss of innocence as a direct head of being raped.In the line, Its dropping food coloring in your eyes to make them turn blue and suffering the burn in silence, in my opinion is the showing of this young girls pain of being raped by a white person. Since the color blue plays a pregnant role in this line, it shows not only this suffering, but the despondency this young black girl is experiencing. In both the poem and a short story, the main characters have been negatively affected by the discrimination of a society in which the color of their skin is n ot accepted.Both of the female characters lost their innocence, the only difference being, that Thebedi lost her virginity under the mask of the forbidden love, and the young girl in the poem lost her virginity is a direct cause of her rape. The sufferings of both characters is essentially the same because the color of their skin and nothing else. The gender plays a very important role, but only after the race they belong to, as well as the alarming situation of the issue is accurately brought into the light and both of these literature works. It clearly indicates the suffering in the pain both these women experience.(Fluehr-Lobban, 2010). The mindset of a common young black girl is accurately presented in the poem What Its Like to Be a Black Girl, and shows the effects that the society leaves on the mind of young black girls who wish to have the appearance like white girls simply because white girls are accepted in the society and the black are usually misused, refused, and disres pected. (Clugston, 2010) Both the story as well as the poem distinguish ethnicity and radical backgrounds, as well as explaining how women experienced cruelty for white racists.I found limited separation between race and gender issues within both authors work simply because they elaborated the fact that they could not, and would not be on the same side with sexists or races. While reading Patricia Smith poem, it gave me the impression she was demonstrating her anger to the fact that white patriarchy curb and limits black women. Black females have been tormented by discrimination racism, and ethical and racial discrimination, as characterized in both the poem and short story can be affirmed as a depiction a reflection of racism and its effects on society.(Dovidio, Gaertner, 1996). In conclusion, I truly feel that both authors share the same sentiments. First and foremost, both of their main focus was on the role of the black female. Not only did the Explorer the victimization of th e black woman, but also brought to light their emotional struggles as well as her experiences. I also feel that both authors were the obstacles of racism and feminists society that same time show that defeat does not mean giving up, but offers the opportunity to conquer negativity in life. References Clugston, R. W.(2010), Country Lovers, Nadine Gordimer.In Journey into Literature (ch. 3) retrieved from http//content. ashford. edu/books/AUENG125. 10. 2/ branch/h3. 2 Clugston, R. W. (2010), Poems for Reflection. In Journey into Literature (ch. 12. 2) retrieved from http//content. ashford. edu/books/AUENG125. 10. 2/section/12. 2 Fluehr-Lobban, C. (2010). Race and Racism An Introduction, Rowman Altamira pp. 111-116 Dovidio, J. F. , Gaertner, S. L. (1996). Affirmative action, unintentional racial Biases and inter group relations. journal of Social Issues, Vol. 52, pp 51-75.

Learning Strategies and Information-Processing Development Essay Example for Free

Learning Strategies and Information-Processing Development EssayLearning can be just now defined as the process that leads to relatively permanent change in behavior or potential change in a persons behavior. Learning makes one change the way they perceive the environment, react to stimuli and interact. Cognitive psychology is a very important branch of modern psychology. The main localise of this approach is the retention-how using is stored and retrieved. Several theories use up been developed with regard to this subject such as the stage theory (Atkinson Shriffin, 1968). The stage theory model is astray reliable since it proposes that info is processed and stored in threesome sequential stages i.e. the sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory (Atkinson Shriffin, 1968, p. 90). In addition to this model other accepted theories include levels-of- bear on theory proposed by Craik and Lockhart (1972), the parallel-distributed processing model and the conn ectionistic model.This paper examines how attention, memory, recognition and knowledge are related to various learning strategies. In addition, the paper discusses how visual-perceptual, motor and language relate to instruction processing development.Information processing developmentAs stated in the introduction above, cognitive psychology forms an integral disassemble of the discipline of psychology. The most widely use theory is the stage theory whose focus is on how information is stored in memory. Information is processed in three stages and this is done in a serial and scholastic manner. Another important theory is the levels-of-processing theory whose proposition is that the learner utilizes different levels of explanation as he or she processes in formation.A major advantage of the information-processing strategies is in their explicitness and accuracy in diving complex cognitive functions into distinct elements that can be considerably studied. However, when it comes to analyzing cognition into its distinct parts information processing fails to re-unite them into a general, comprehensive construct. In addition, most information processing tools such as computer models have lost touch with real-life learning experiences (Berk, 2009).Information processing approach towards cognition seeks to explain how the learner (children and adults) operate on the different types of information. Most scholars view the sagaciousness as a complex system (a type of computer) through which information flows and is manipulated. General models such as the store model by Atkinson and Shiffrin assume that information is stored in three parts of the brain for processing the sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory (Berk, 2010, para.1).Craik and Lockhart (1972) level-of-processing model assumes that information is transferred from working memory to the long-term memory depending on the level processing.There exist several other information processing dev elopmental models such as the movements theory which is a reinterpretation of Piagets theory of information processing model. Case views cognitive development as the increase in information processing capacity as a result of brain development which can be conjugated to more efficient learning strategies.Connectionism on the other hand explains information processing development as a result of learning strategies such as computer-simulated strategies which enhance inter-connectivity of processing units that are well stratified just like the neurological building of the brain. Sieglers using his model of learning strategy choice argues that, learners always generate a number of strategies for problem solving, the more the experience, the more strategies are selected or discarded (Kail Cavanaugh, 2008).Attention is a critical factor when it comes to human thinking, it dictates the information that depart be considered when undertaking a parturiency. Attention is greatly enhanced during first and middle stages of childhood. Thus, improved attention makes one to be more adaptable, selective and organized. Enhanced cognitive reticence and efficacy of attentional learning strategies are apt(p) to the fine-tuning of selective attention. The fine tuning of attentional learning strategies takes place in four stages production deficiency, control deficiency, utilization deficiency, and effective strategy use (para.2). Whenever in that respect is a problem with attention students would develop learning disorders.The argument here is that, when a student is learning a new concept, their attention needs to be focused on the new concept. If they fail to fully pay their attention, it means that they will have a serious problem with the learning of the new information (Kail Cavanaugh, 2008).Memory strategies are said to improve with age, as children continue to develop various methods such as, organization, and elaboration. This increases the likelihood of storing in formation in working memory and its important transfer to the long-term knowledge bank. Thus, over childhood stages and even in adolescence, students regain steadily improves as knowledge is continually amassed and its organization is improved effectively.Childrens metacognitive abilities commonly change from passivity to activity. A more productive view of mental functioning increases with the increase in awareness of information processing strategies, cognitive aptitudes, and task variables. Self-regulation cognitively develops gradually during childhood and adolescence stages. Recently, scholars of information-processing have focused their attention towards academic learning of children (Berk, 2009).Visual-perceptual, motor and language relation to information processing developmentA visual-perceptual skill is simply the brains ability to process information as seen. Previously, most scholars had assumed that a deficiency in visual-perceptual skills was directly linked to the malfunctioning of the eye. That is having a poor physical quite a little or poor muscle control in the eye. However, the presence or absence of physical vision has nothing to do with visual perceptual. Instead, visual perceptual refers to the ability of the brain the receiving of visual information, its interpretation, organization, storage, and transmission Thus, if a students brain is not flop storing information, recall will by all odds be poor.This directly affects the students ability to concentrate and read since he or she has a slow recall of words. The slowing down of recall can also have a negative impact on their mathematical abilities let alone their fluency in speech and reading (Smith 2004).Language and phonologic processing abilities are affected by the students ability to store, process, and retrieve information. Usually language and phonological problems are rooted to reading disorders. Many students with reading disorders have difficulty storing, processing, and retrieving information. A normal students left brain hemisphere becomes dominating when they are carrying out tasks involving language processing (Berk 2009).A students motor skills are also an important factor when discussing about learning strategies. Children will learn from their interaction with the environment this ability is affected hindered by a childs motor or verbal skills, a child will learn better when their motor skills are well developed. This can be observed in a math class. A conventional practice in the learning of fractions is the use of multiplication. A student with a problem with their motor skills will have a problem with the use of manipulatives. Thus they will definitely have it rough when it comes to the learning of fractions (Berk, 2010).ConclusionThis paper argues that there exist several other information processing developmental models such as the Cases theory which is a reinterpretation of Piagets theory of information processing model. Case views co gnitive development as the increase in information processing capacity as a result of brain development which can be linked to more efficient learning strategies. The most widely used theory is the stage theory whose focus is on how information is stored in memory.Learning strategies such as memory strategies are pertinent to the process of information development. Information processing approach towards cognition explains how the learner operates on various kinds of information. The mind is a complex system (a type of computer) through which information flows and is manipulated. Deficits in information processing skills have negative impacts on a students ability to learn effectively. This is attributed to the reason that all learning is relatively cumulative.Thus, problems in learning should be detected early in enough and solved otherwise they would get worse with advancement of age.

Union Victory of the Civil War Essay Example for Free

Union Victory of the Civil War Essay unconstipated before the Civil War actually started, the North had already enjoyed ii distinct advantages over the conspiracy. Although it also benefited from some excellent strategic decisions as the struggle progressed, those two pre- contend factors ultimately spelled defeat for the army of the secessionists from the south. The first of these advantages was the Norths edge in world. While the grey states only had a combined population of 9 million people (including their slaves), the population of the north was 22 million (including some emancipated slaves). That ratio of 2. 441 later proved vital since the North possessed the capacity of raising and fielding much fighting men to sustain its war effort (Murphy, 2008). The second factor was the difference in their economic thrusts. Whereas the North concentrated on industry and commerce to boost its parsimoniousness, the in the south relied on an agricultural economy. In other word s, the North had industrial plants man the South could only boast of its farms. The superiority of the Norths economic development became apparent when the war dragged on.It was equal to(p) to convert its factories to war materials production to remain firm its army in the field while the South had to rely on its unconnected trading partners for the replenishment of its war chest. Now, since the North had a stronger navy than the South, it was able to rule the seas and managed to organize an effective blockade, thereby preventing the South from procuring war supplies from other countries. The effect was a weakened southern army due to a small supply.These were the two primary reasons that gave rise to the observation that the South was doomed from the start (Murphy, 2008). Some observers believed that these advantages which the North enjoyed at the out pock were initially offset by two factors which worked in favor of the South. The first was the fact that the Confederate Army was commanded by better military leaders. Before the Civil War broke out, majority of the finest and more senior commanders in the United States military came from the South.This was because of a southern culture which prized a military career for their men. Because of this culture, it had been customary for rich families to send their sons to the West commit Military Academy which was located in the North and start their career in the military. As soon as the secession was announced by the southern states, many of them resigned from their posts to serve with the Confederate Army. Some of these officers were Generals Robert E. Lee, Thomas Stonewall Jackson, Albert Sidney Johnston, James Longstreet, P. G. T.Beauregard, and Joseph E. Johnston. Most of them held more senior ranks in the United States Army compared to majority of the officers who remained with the Union Army of the North (EDSITEment, n. d. ). The second advantage of the South, according to observers, was the theater of operations and the character of the war itself. Since the Union Army invaded the South, the war was fought on southern territory. This core that the Confederate soldiers had the advantage of knowing the terrain better than the enemy who had to fight in unknown territory.It follows, therefore, that the soldiers of the Confederacy were more mobile and flexible. There was also the fact that for the Southerners, the war was defensive in character. War strategists believe that victory is easily achieved in a defensive war since the defenders soak up only to defend their ground and have on the invaders down. The North had the more difficult task of occupying the South and forcing them to surrender (EDSITEment, n. d. ).In addition, the Confederate soldiers were more passionate and more desperate for victory. They were defending their soil, their institutions, and most of all, their families. someone said that When you believe that you are defending your wife and children from invaders , you care more about your cause than those who are simply being paid a engage to go fight for a cause that does not influence their lives as directly. This made a significant difference on the battlefield (Murphy, 2008).The soldiers of the Confederate Army, therefore, enjoyed a higher morale on top of their superiority as far as mastery of the topography of the areas where the war was fought was concerned. Unfortunately, these were not enough for them to win a drawn-out war. In fact their home court advantage was believed to have worked against them as the war progressed. For every no-hit thrust on the part of the Union soldiers which resulted to the witch of a piece of Southern territory, the adverse effect on the morale of Confederate soldiers had been substantial.This was particularly apparent when the Union Army succeeded in capturing an area fixed between the Mississippi River and the Appalachian Mountains and when the Confederate Army was effectively cut off from their i mportant industrial and agricultural resources as a result of successful campaigns waged by the Union Army in the central and western regions of Tennessee (EDSITEment, n. d. ). The South was likewise believed to have acted based on a false assumption which contributed greatly to their defeat.This false assumption was echoed by South Carolina Senator James Henry Hammond in 1858 when he said that the South was in such a valued rank that no country would even think of declaring war against it. Specifically, he declared that The world was so dependent on cotton that Southerners could coerce any foreign country into coming to their aid merely by threatening not to sell it (EDSITEment, n. d. ). Indeed, if Great Britain, who was a major consumer of the Souths cotton, sided with the Confederacy, the war could have ended differently.The South was so confident in their hold of the world cotton market that when the blockade was declared by Abraham Lincoln, Jefferson Davis, who was then acting as President of the Confederacy, did not do anything about it. He was certain that when the countries in Europe would be starved of cotton, they would voluntarily send their navies to destroy the blockade set up by the North, declaring war against the Union in the process. Unfortunately, this was not what happened.Instead, the European countries merely turned to Egypt and India for their cotton requirements, dealing a hard blow to the economy of the South (Newton, Poulter, Simon, Symonds, and Woodworth, 2005). In the end, the great military commanders of the Confederate Army could not do anything with a depleted army and were forced to surrender. The destruction of the economy of the South proved to be the most decisive factor in the Civil War (Murphy, 2008).ReferencesEDSITEment. (n. d. ). On the Eve of War North vs. South. Retrieved April 28, 2008 from http//edsitement. neh. gov/printable_lesson_plan. asp? id=745 Murphy, A. (2008). Strengths Weaknesses of the North and South Duri ng the Civil War. Retrieved April 28, 2008 from http//www. associatedcontent. com/article/532303/strengths_weaknesses_of_the_north and. html Newton, S. H. , Poulter, K. , Simon, J. Y. , Symonds, C. L. , and Woodworth, S. E. (2005).

Christianity and islam

Christianity and islamReflection PaperBoth Christianity and Islam are very wide sprinkle religions in the world which have a great impact on the lives of their look atrs especi totallyy spiritually. Their common originality, values and some believes has enabled most of their believers to respect and try to take each others faith. In most nations of the world these dickens religions have rebounded the bases of the countries laws and are highly recognized by the governments. Though Christianity is widely spread compared to Islam, they oblige the same challenge to each otherConsidering the similarities and the differences surrounded by Islam and Christianity, the cardinal can be said to be very unalike since the main prophets and the holy book of accounts which form the basis and guidance of the respective religions are not acceptable to the other. Christian faith is based on birth, crucification, shoemakers last and resurrection of savior Christ who is the messiah which is opposition to the Muslims view of Christ organism just a prophet among the many.Comparison amidst the two religions was much easier because theres a clear difference between the beliefs of the religions as well as practices in time of worship. This is because in day today life of the respective believers their religious views are aired. get the historic origin of the two religions was much easier especially that of Christianity which begun as a Jewish sect in the Mediterranean and Islam in the 7th century after the death of oracle Muhammad. Getting the differences between the two twain being Abrahamic religions and the holy books the Quran and the Bible referring to similar ancient people like Isaac and Ishmael in a related to context.IntroductionChristianity is a religious belief which begun as a Jewish belief and is seen as Abrahamic religion. Its followers are referred to as Christians. They believe in Jesus Christ the messiah as the prophet send by matinee idol to save ma nkind and the holy bible as the guide of their faith. They to a fault believe that the messiah who came in the form of mankind suffered, died and resurrected to remiss them of their sins. It is also believed that he would return to reward those who have lived according to the doctrines taught by the holy bible.Islam is an Arabic banter meaning submission and therefore Islam religion is believed to be an Abrahamic religion which believes in submission to the almighty graven image Allah and Muhammad as the prophet. Quran is the holy book believed to be the guideline of the Muslims who are the of the Islamic religion. It is believed that Allah repeatedly revealed it to Muhammad verbally through angel Jibril and the original Arabic version is the final revelation from God which is verbal.Historic settingAccording to Stern(11-15) Christianity originates from the word kristos which is a Greek word meaning the anointed one and it is a monotheistic religion. It guided by the life and teac hings of Christ Jesus as shown in the holy bible. It begun as a Jewish sect from the eastern Mediterranean in the first century and by the 4th century was already dominant in the Roman Empire. Most of Europe was Christianized by the Middle Ages nevertheless Middle East, North Africa and some regions in India remained with minority Christians. It spread to America, Australasia and all over the world through colonization, discovery work and missionary work hence became a major influence in Western civilization shaping. ceramist argued that It is the words largest religion and represents about a quarter of the entire population, also considered as a state religion in several countries (21-25) It is categorized into trine groups Catholics, Protestants and orthodox.Islam began developing as from the 7th century with the reconstruction of Prophet Muhammads life after his death. It started spreading in Atlantic Ocean to Central Asia after Prophet Muhammads first recitation of the Quran. According to Williams (1994) The Great Mosque of Kairouan is considered as origin of the western Islamic world mosques and is preserved up to now. Reference to Abdul-Rahman Islamic dynasties like Ottomans and Mughals collapsed down the stairs the European imperial sway during 18th and 19th centuries (141-160). Muhammad started conveying Islam at Mecca and later moved to Medina where the tribes of Arabia were united to a polity of Arab Muslim religion.Umar succeeded him in 634 pursuance his death. The other successors were Uthman ibn al-Affan and Ali ibn Talib the four are referred to as al-khulafa ar-rashidun. Several conflicts followed over political and religious leadership which led to the rise of schism amongst the Muslims. Basically the origin of Islam is tied to the economic, political and military.Similarities between Islam and ChristianityAccording to Strachey (62-69) both Islam and Christianity are Abrahamic religions or in other words believe in the existence of one su preme God. They both share common values and origin which is found in Judaism when the people of Israel were given Torah. Islam was founded by Muhammad referring to the Quran while Christianity was started by the followers of Jesus of Nazareth but they both acknowledge a spiritual tradition related to Abraham. For the two religions, God rules, judges, forgives and hes the creator of the universe. Jerusalem is also of major importance to both religions. It was the urban center where Christ was brought up, crucified, buried as well as resurrected. He also healed, preached and cleansed the temple so its considered as a holy place. The Al-Aqsa mosque in Sura Al-Isra also called the furthest mosque is located in Jerusalem the holy land. Abdul-Rahman (55-64) the first Muslims also prayed towards Jerusalem not Mecca and it was also the place where Muhammad ascended to heaven. The two religions also affirm that God sends angels and prophets to convey messages to his people and through insp ired scriptures reveals his divine will. They also believe in the judgement day when God will intervene in the score of mankind and determine their eternal lives depending on personal beliefs and actions. Both religions believe in the power of prayer and fasting as taught by their earlier prophets.Differences between Islam and ChristianityThrower(30-58) argues that Islam disagrees with some of the Christian beliefs about Jesus Christ like him being the son of God and savior of mankind, also the holy trinity of there being God the father, the son and the divine Spirit. Christians reject Islams prophet and Quran while the Muslims support that God guides Christians but they perceive scriptures in their own interest. It is also different the way Muslims perceive the birth of Jesus compared to Christians. They believe that Jesus was created like Abraham while Christians believe that he was conceived by Virgin Mary through the Holy Spirit. They also believe that Jesus was to be crucifie d but was miraculously saved while Christians believe he was crucified but resurrected. Christians believe that the bible is Gods holy book which was written by people inspired by God and it teaches the will of God on mankind while the Muslims accept but believe that it has been misdirect to fit peoples interests over the years.ConclusionChristianity and Islam are major worlds religions with the latter having a greater number of followers. They share common origin, values and some believes like God being supreme, prophets being Gods messengers and judgement of humanity based on personal actions and faith while on earth. The Quran and the Bible are considered as the two holy books written through Gods inspiration though the Quran is believed was verbally revealed to prophet.Muhammad through angel Jibril. The two religions have some major differences like the birth, crucification, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. They also differ in the originality of the holy bible as compare d to that of the holy Quran as well as its interpretation by the Christians. The similarities between the two outweigh the differences.Works CitedAbdul-Rahman, Muhammad, Saed. Islam questions and answers. Volume 22, MSA Publication Limited. Saudi Arabia. 1972Lewis, Bernard Churchill, Buntzie, Ellis. In the religion and the people. Illustrated. Wharton School Publishing, U.S.A, 2008Stern, Bernard, Joseph. Science society, Volume 12, 1-3, Concept Publishing Company, 1948.Strachey, Lytton Holroyd Michael. Eminent Victorians, Nile Penguin Classics, 1986.Thrower, James. Marxist-Leninist scientific atheism and the study of religion and atheism in the USSR. Volume 25. Vienna Walter de Gruyter, 1983.Willliams, John, Adel. The Word of Islam. University of Texas. Qayrawan. 1994

Assessing The Paris Fashionable Concepts Cultural Studies Essay

Assessing The capital of France Fashionable C erstpts Cultural Studies EssayThe concept of capital of France formulate represents oneness of the most powerful and long-running place in modern history. But even a cursory examination of the way the term has been used draws attention to the complexity of the nonion of the elbow room bang-up, and to the complexity of the fashion process itself. The r unw roastine description of the city over the past 200 years as the capital world of fashion contribute to this understanding.Downloadseiffel-tower-1.jpgFigure 2.2 , Eifel Tower in capital of France, Available at http//www.eiffel-tower.us/Eiffel-Tower-Images/eiffel-tower-1.jpggenus Paris is the Fashion Capital of the World. Paris has long been an international hub of fashion design. Paris is home to many distinguished design houses, much(prenominal) as Chanel, Dior, Yves Saint Laurent, Chloe, Givenchy, Lanvin, Hermes, and Louis Vuitton. Paris is excessively a premier destination f or shopping, with streets such as Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honre and the Champs-Elysees hosting boutiques from designers around the world.Besides fashion and leather goods, Paris is has a routine of well-known jewelers, such as Cartier SA, Boucheron, Chaumet, and Van Cleef Arpels. They have their flagships at the noted Place Vendome.Twice a year, Paris is home to a fashion week, where the citys fashion houses present their collections. Designers from other countries a standardised present their collections in Paris. Notable examples admit Belgian designers Dries van Noten, Martin Margeila, and Ann Demeulemester Dutch design duo Viktor Rolf and Japanese deisgners Yohji Yamamoto, Issey Miyake, and Junya Watanabe.Pinault-Printemps-Redoute and LVMH, the two major holding companies in contemporary fashion, be both headquartered in Paris.Paris has been interpreted as a world centre of fashion be draw of its distinctive metropolitan coatings of consumption, both in the narrow find of shops and shopping, and in a broader sense of the practices associated with the wearing of fashionable dress in the spaces of the city. in that location has been something approaching a naturalization of Pariss relationship with fashion, often around the elevation of a reliable gimmick of fashionable femininity to a symbol of Parisian superiority. Fashions World Cities, David Gilbert, 2006Downloadschristian_dior_haute_couture_2009_01.jpgFigure 2.3 , Christian Dior Haute Couture fashion show 2009, Available at http//iamfashioncrazy.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/christian_dior_haute_couture_2009_01.jpgSince the seventeenth century, fashion has been an measurable industry and cultural export of France, and modern haute couture originated in Paris in the 1860s. To twenty-four hour period, Paris is considered one of the worlds fashion capitals, along with capital of the United Kingdom, Milan, and New York City, and the city is home or headquarters to many of the premier fashion houses. The culture of Paris and of the French people has been shaped by geography, by profound historical events, and by impertinent and internal forces and groups. Paris, has played an important part as a center of risque culture and of decorative arts since the seventeenth century, first in Europe, and from the 19th century onwards, world wide. From the late nineteenth century, Paris has also played an important role in modern art, cinema, fashion and cuisine.Paris is today the break up pot of diverse cultures. However, it still retains its own unique charm or attraction when it comes to ethnicity, geography and the French language. The once isolated local customs arising out of regional differences have matured to become a cultural identity that is unique to the heterogeneity. The culture of Paris (or to say France), has been largely influenced by mandatory defence service, the Franco-Prussian feud and World War I and World War II. The two world wars were responsible for the flood of cultural influences and centralized market forces.Today, the people in Paris symbolize collective identity. The Parisian society is more inclined to believing in public-spiritedness, state socialistic spending, and in public initiatives. The Paris culture is characteristic of chauvinism, a term which is widely used all over the World (the countries of the West, esp. Europe and the Americas), integrated politics, universalism and the popular French grandeur. Although, now the traditional family twist has evolved from the joint family to nuclear. Most modern people in Paris prefer to relate to the term French as a nationality and their language and not a measure of ethnicity, specific to the city. There are many immigrants from Africa, Asia and other European countries who have made Paris or France their home with diverse ethnic ascendants, resulting in interracial relationships.According to Hofsteds Framework for Assessing Culture, the culture of Paris is moderately individualis tic and high Power Distance Index.There is clearly a significant intersection point between the cities routinely described as world fashion cities, like Paris, and those identified by Friedmann, Sassen and their followers as primary world cities or spheric cities. Given, in Friedmanns terminology, the embeddedness of a transnational capitalist class whose ideology is consumerist in such world cities, and given fashions inherent elitism and consumerism, it would be very surprising if this were not the case. Fashions World Cities, David Gilbert, 2006The acceptance of lebianism, homosexuality and gay marriages in Paris, speaks volumes for the broad-mindedness of the French. In fact, Paris mayor Bertrand Delano, makes no attempt to hide his gay identity.In Paris, the French movies, music and literature are vibrant and multicultural. The language follows a preordain official originality standard. French is spoken widely crossways the globe, inspite of the repression with regional and foreign languages in certain countries. It has become a part of the education forum and a popular option in many bilingual educational institutions. As far as religion goes, Paris is secular and dedicatedly adheres to the principle of freedom of religion, a political dictate that was enshrined in the Declaration of the Rights of Man, 1789. A mix of Catholics, Protestants, Muslims, Jews and atheists live in Paris and add quality to the essence of French character. So therefore, Paris is a multicultural society.In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries these cities have positive intense concentrations of advanced producer services, typically in sectors such as banking, accountancy, advertising, insurance, commercial law and management consultancy. Sassen argues that financial deregulation and the maturement of new forms of telecommunications, media and cultivation technology, far from dispersing economic activities as some predicted, has created an aggressive new logi c for their concentration of these activities as some predicted, has created an aggressive new logic for their concentration of these activities in a few great cities. Sassen further argues that increasing economic and social polarization has marked global cities, particularly London and New York. Alongside the development of advanced producer services has been a parallel development of a low-paid service sector, often characterized by a casualized labour force with a high proportion of immigrants. Fashions World Cities, David Gilbert, 2006LondonDownloadsSomerset House Strand.JPGFigure 3.1 , Somerset House in London, Available at http//www.the-magician.co.uk/images/Somerset%20House%20Strand.JPGLondon as one of the worlds four fashion capitals, the London Fashion Week is one of the Big Four fashion weeks, which is organised by the British Fashion Council. The current venue for most of the events is Somerset House in central London, where a large marquee in the central courtyard host s a series of catwalk shows by acquit designers and fashion houses, while an exhibition, housed within Somerset House itself, showcases over 150 designers. British designers whose collections have been showcased at the fashion week include Vivienne Westwood, Alexander McQueen and Stella McCartney, while British models who have featured at the event include Kate Moss, Naomi Campbell, Jade Jagger and Jodie Kidd. Fashion designer Mary Quant was at the heart of the Swinging London nip of the 1960s, and her work culminated in the creation of the miniskirt and hot pants. Mary Quant named the miniskirt that she designed after her favourite make of car, the Mini. The English fashion designer Charles Frederick deserving is widely considered the father of Haute couture.According to an article in the Time, yet behind this confection of a city peopled by the famous and beautiful, all robed in the latest cutting-edge fashions, was a sense that the new London was a key site in much broader c hanges taking place across the Western world increasing consumer affluence, particularly among teenagers and young adults, changing intergenerational relationships, and new attitudes towards popular culture, leisure and the body. Fashions World Cities, David Gilbert, 2006DownloadsLondon_cultural_icons.jpgFigure 3.2 , Cultural icons of London, Available at http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ common/3/3d/London_cultural_icons.jpgThe London culture concerns the arts, music, museums, festivals and other entertainment in London, the capital city of the United Kingdom. The city is renowned for its theatre district, and its West give the sack theatre district has given the name to West End theatre, the strand of mainstream professional theatre staged in the large theatres in London. London also homes to worthy cultural attractions such as the British Museum, the Tate Galleries, the National Gallery, the Notting Hill Carnival and The O2.An assortment of landmarks and objects are cultura l icons associated with London, such as Big Ben, Buckingham castle and the tube map. According to visiting tourists, there are a few other British cultural icons that are strongly associated with London , including the red telephone set box, the routemaster bus, the black taxi or more famously known as the London cab and the Union Flag.DownloadsRoyal operaHouse-25-02-09w.jpgFigure 3.3 , The Floral Hall of the Royal Opera House in London, Available at http//www.strollon.co.uk/UploadedDocuments/RoyalOperaHouse-25-02-09w.jpgLondon has the famous, London Symphony Orchestra, London Philharmonic Orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, the the BBC Symphony Orchestra and Philharmonia. There are also quite a few chamber orchestras, some of which specialise in period instrument performances, including the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment, and the Academy of St. Martin-in-the-Fields.The city is home to more than three hundred nationalities, and the diversity of cultures has shaped the citys culture over time.In London, rank, status and inequalities between people are reasonably low. This obviously shows in a number of ways, such as legislation protecting ethnic minorities rights. This is observed in the office where the relationship between superiors and subordinates is comparatively casual and incorporates little ceremony.London scores actually high for Individualism. Therefore points to that fact that the British cultural values promote individuality. In London, the nuclear family is the more predominant form of basic social structure. In the business environment, the individual is more concerned with themselves rather than the team.The level of power distance (uncertainty avoidance) in London is quite low. This means that the British culture is relatively open to taking risks and dealing with change, which can be seen in the constant revision of laws and government structures. In the workplace, conflict or disagreement, even with superiors, is considered healthy.Downloadsthe_sex-pistols.jpgFigure 3.4 , The sexual practice Pistols, Available at http//www.sexpistolsanniversary.co.uk/images/the_sex-pistols.jpgLondon is really famous for its rock scene, and was the starting point of some of the greatest 60s and 70s band such as Iron Maiden, The Clash, guide Zeppelin, The Sex Pistols, The Who, Pink Floyd, Queen and very popular 90s bands like Blur, Coldplay, Radiohead, and Oasis that are still very popular to this day. Most of the major bands tours pass through London as well, favourite venues being the Brixton Academy, the London Astoria, and the Hammersmith Apollo.In addition to generating of the bands mentioned above, London, in its capacity as the UKs cultural centre, has served as the base of a number of internationally important acts, including David Bowie, The Beatles and Jimi Hendrix, as well as being instrumental in the birth of dance music.All these artists mentioned above, in their days and till ensure influence fashion in London and all over the world.London has a thriving urban scene, mainly throughout the 21st century. Soul singers like Joss Stone, Amy Winehouse, Adele, and Lemar have found themselves chart, and international success. RB singers such as Leona Lewis, Jay Sean, The Sugababes, Taio Cruz and Alexandra Burke are also extremely popular. London also has a strong rap scene, which includes rappers like Wiley, Tinchy Stryder and Dizee Rascal among others have helped contribute to London gaining the status of having the strongest rap scene outside of the USA.London has one of the biggest underground scenes in the world. Genres include work up and bass, Uk garage, Dubstep, 2step and grime.Londons ethnic population is growing strongly and this is having a huge effect on the culture. Indian food is now a significant part of Londons cuisine. younker black Londoners play a predominant part in the British music industry. Besides Afro-Caribbean and Indian culture, Bangladeshi, Polish and Middle -Eastern influences are also present.In London, masculinity is somewhere in the middle. This may reflect the fact that British society and culture aims for equality between the sexes, yet a certain amount of gender bias still exists underneath the surface. The acceptance of lebianism, homosexuality and gay marriages in London, is cause of the all the stars who used to cross-dress for their performances, shows that people in London are broad-minded.There are many other culture related attractions in London, including the Avenue of Stars, a walkway similar to the Hollywood Walk of Fame, with stars commemorating notable individuals or groups.Summary TableParis LondonSimilaritiesBoth Paris and London are the fashion capitals of their countries.The melting pot of diverse cultures is existent in both cities.Paris and London are multicultural societies.The acceptance of lesbianism, homosexuality and gay marriages in Paris and London, shows how broad-minded the people or society is.There is a freedom of religion.The rise of technology has led to London and Paris becoming more of open cultures.DifferencesParis is the Fashion Capital of the World.Haute Couture started in Paris in the 1860s by Charles Worth.The people in Paris collective identity. The Parisian society is more inclined to believing in public-spiritedness, state socialistic spending, and in public initiatives. While London scores really high for Individualism.Paris has a high Power Distance (rank, status and inequalities between people) Index, while London is comparatively lower.Fashion culture in London was very influenced by the music scene, specially the rock scene, with the bands like the Sex Pistols in the 60s and 70s. While Paris didnt have too much influence of music on fashion.ConclusionAfter extensive research and comparing the similarities and differences of both Paris and Londons modern day fashion scene, I realized that even though there are so many similarities on the surface between both ci ties but once you look at the details or to say under the surface you realize that each city is unique in its own way cause of their influences from cultural dimensions, societal values, history and technology, etc.

Politics Essays Gender Stereotypes Tudor

Politics Essays Gender Stereotypes TudorGender Stereotypes TudorTo what compass point were sex stereotypes a factor in Tudor governing?The first thing to say is that Tudor monarchy was non idealistic, like all governments it was primarily pragmatic in approach, and the wide changes in the relationship of Crown and fan tan in this period were a result of immediate needs and evolving precedent. Cromwell steered Parliament towards a considerable wing in its competence to include issues of religion, the succession and the unity of the Realm. In doing so, he allowed MPs to declare Royal Supremacy and established a newly focus of sovereignty, the King-in-Parliament. Edwards minority made the nature of Cromwells Royal Supremacy clear. It was through Parliament that objections to Somersets rule were overridden and it was Parliament that was use to trans score the official doctrine of England. Respect for statute was a key reason why so many leading Protestants accepted Mary as Queen in 1553. After Marys death, Elizabeth and William Cecil inherited a position in which Parliament was growing into a genuine governmental assemblage and the use of parliamentary consent became the norm but it is wrong to see in these developments the origins of Parliaments seventeenth-century attack on divine right kingship.Parliament supported the Crown with m aney, counsel and by passing its laws. When unrequested advice was offered by MPs on matters which plainly concerned the royal prerogative, the Queen simply refused to be drawn into conflict and avoided a crisis. The Tudors had very clear expectations of men and women, and in general men were expected to be the breadwinners and women to be housewives and mothers. On average, a woman gave birth to a child every two years and having a child was considered a great honor to women, as children were seen as blessings from God, and Tudor women took great pride in beingness mothers.Many women in this period were highly educated. Women were not allowed to go to school or to university, but they could be educated at home by private tutors. Elizabeth I was tutored by the famous Tudor scholar Roger Ascham. Women were not allowed to enter professions such(prenominal) as law, medicine, politics, but they could work in domestic service as cooks, maids and were also allowed to write works of literature, providing the subject was suitable for women mainly translations or religious works. Women were not allowed to act on the familiar stage or write for the public stage.Acting was considered dishonorable for women and women did not appear on the stage in England until the seventeenth century. In Shakespeares plays, the roles of women were often compete by young boys. Women, careless(predicate) of social position, were not allowed to vote (however, only men of a certain social position were allowed to vote). Neither could women inherit their fathers titles. both titles would pass from father to son or brother to br other, depending on the circumstances. The only exception was Royalty.The Crown could pass to a daughter, and this allowed Mary, and then Elizabeth, to reign. In some cases women could not inherit estates, but women could be heiresses to property. A man was considered to be the head of a wedding ceremony and was expected to look after his wife and children. There was no divorce in Tudor times and marriage lasted until one of the couple died. An Annulment could be obtained, which would mean the marriage was not lawful, but extensive say would have to be provided if this was applied for. Henry VIII only ever regarded Jane Seymour and Katherine Parr as his legal wives.The stereotypical idea of a Tudor woman being weak, frail, feeble and foolish has been drilled into our heads for centuries. Even Elizabeth Tudor is said to have appeared on the semipolitical stage apologetic for her femaleness. The purpose of this essay is to see to what degree gender stereotypes where an issue in the political factor of the Tudor times, and to what extent this has, if at all, changed. What roles did men and women take on and why where they different, or indeed, segregated? Do the ideals of the Tudor times affect society today? These factors will be seen during my conclusion.Women and their involvement in politics has always been an intriguing to those interested in the annals of politics. Women linked with the Royals, or Nobility, -albeit wives, mothers, mistresses, offspring or siblings-have always been the subject of investigation, regarding the power the held over those the ruled, and even the authority they exercised from their concealed places behind those who ruled. Yet, even in the cause of this focus, todays historians seem cautious about laying the purpose of power and influence, at the door of the female persuasion. To begin with an example of how gender was an issue, regardless of rank or station, we can look to the monarchy.In the Tudor century, two types of quee n had control of the court. They were called Consorts and Regnant. A consorts role was one of reproduction. She would be married to a king, but because giving birth to a male heir defined the success of her reign her inability to reproduce sometimes endangered her position as consort, as Henry VIIIs wives discovered. The consorts animation narrowly reflected that of noblewomen those who were expected to produce a male heir to continue their husbands line, to overlook the days work in the household, and to support the numerous charities and religious institutions that were seen as appropriate for women to support.A consorts royal circumstance allowed her opportunities to engage in court politics. Mary and Elizabeth Tudor were exceptions to this rule, as even though they took the title from marriage and succession, they were still expected to rule as monarchs. A Queen Regnant was one whose royal status was a birthright and not an outcome of marriage. These queens where seen as actua lly reigning and controlling the kingdom, and not with menial activities such as overseeing the running of the household. The notion that women were not able to govern their land, led to the idea that they must take their male councilors advice to avoid disaster.There were even concerns about whether Philip II would dominate the finis making during Marys reign. Traditionally speaking, women in politics during the Tudor century where very marginal and hidden figures. Their domain was the household, and work was domestic, as opposed to the male world, a world of very public politics and profession ventures. Women were awarded no accreditation for the parts played by them during an event of importance.Indeed, to George Bernard referred to Anne Boleyn as nothing more than a diddle and loose living lady, even after the controversial ideas of her religious influence, alleged adultery and consequential fall. Tudor society was patriarchal, meaning that men were considered to be the leade rs and women their inferiors. Women were regarded as the weaker sex, in both physical and emotional valuesIn general females, whether married or single, were seen as unable to think in political factors and were seen as genetically inferior to their male counterparts. Unmarried women would be chaperoned constantly by male relatives and guardians, as it was thought that without a husband to take aim them, they would be incapable or looking after their household affairs.Women would spend most of their lives in the house win by them through marriage. They would focus on the interests of their husbands, children and grandchildren, and those without children would often focus on the interests of siblings, especially sisters. On first perception, it is easy to perceive a womans world as narrow and control to a small space, when in reality, their daily activities and contacts spread hike than most could imagine.Built upon a womans family and complex network of friends and contacts, was weaved great mental imagery and political influence that allowed these women to perform their motherly, wifely and widows duties with great flair. Their martial family gave them the power they needed to succeed in everyday life, while their birth families provided a prophylactic net for them, if their marriages ever failed.A womans birth family was usual the most important in the line of contacts she kept. Her father would be mired with her life extensively, even after she was married to aid them as wives and mothers and to help them with financial issues. In contrast, the males in the Tudor times, held an authority which was officially known as political, although this could entail anything from attending the House of Lords, to arranging their sisters marriages and seeing to a respective suitor. The main parliamentary figure though, was the king, or Queen regnant. Elizabeth I was one of these queens, who took her political power hardly, and without a husband to guide her, much to the distress of Parliament.She gave the House of Commons control over certain authority but made it clear, that as the head of the institution, certain matters would be left to her and her Privy Council. When parliament demanded that she be married in 1571, she told them in no uncertain terms, that they had no right to hold forth matters that directly affected her. Although Elizabeth didnt allow the fact that she was a woman affect her working life, it did seem as though being female was an issue, as she constantly fought to portray herself as male.Rank seemingly played no part in the gender issues of the Tudor age. Upper-class and lower-class women alike attained authority through social standing, relationships and contact with those in higher power and womans incorporation into politics, although not the electorate, was the result of increased literacy skills-especially the ability to read- in women allowing them more access to news, information and ideas.In regard to the poli tical goals, most men and women shared the same ideals. To make an advantageous match in marriage would secure money holdings and status which allowed both genders to equally gain influence over such factors as land accumulation, the holding of their reputation and status, and the ability to further family members in terms of careers and marriage.Professor Barbara Harriss research into gender and Tudor times has been able to show that what was considered domestic, public, political and private where very hard to list from each(prenominal) other during this time. The family was the quintessential political base for women. If you were a wife or mother, this would be considered your career which was politically significant. Women were constantly involved in activities which allowed them to pretend and maintain relationships with others, such as arranging marriages. Professor Harris rethought this domestic choresOf course, the issue concerning gender where not just rife in the househ old and in business ventures. Gender was a very common influence on sentencing a criminal as well. Tudor punishments were very severe and entailed hanging, burning to death, torture, whipping, being arrange to stocks you would have all sorts of rubbish and rotten foods thrown at you before you eventually starved to death(if you were lucky),or some passing animal decided to have a bite, dunking in a river or branding with a hot iron. These are only a few examples of how a criminal would be treated.Whipping was sentenced for serious offences such as robbery with violence and begging. For this act, a pillory was often used. A pillory was made of two upright posts and two boards which were held together with each other. These boards had circular openings for the neck and wrists of the prisoner. The pillory had a roof, open sides and was placed on a platform. The prisoner would stand through his whipping, being fully exposed to the public.This form of punishment was usually reserved for male offenders. Women who were criminate of being scolds where taken to a device called a ducking stool, a highly touristed form of punishment for the time. Historians have argued the meaning of the term scold relentlessly and have discussed its implications at length. The same questions always come to rise. Where these women independent, and was this type of punishment one brought by men to stay fresh their women in check? After all, social conformity was extremely important during the Tudor times, and it was often felt that men had to keep their women at hand to save themselves from the embarrassment of having an unruly wife, mother, etc.For Women though, the most common crime was of witchcraft. It was common practice during this period to blame someone for denunciation your cattle if one or more of your livestock died without an obvious reason. Witchcraft was considered a serious offence, and was punished in the most serious ways. The Witches of Warboys is an example of thos e involved in witch-hunting. The Witches of Warboys refers to Alice Samuel and her family between who where accused, taken to trail and then executed on charges of witchcraft in the village of Warboys, England.The accusations were first made by Jane Throckmorton, who had started having fits. She accused the 76 year old Alice Samuel of enchanting her and Janes four sisters and some household servants begin reporting similar symptoms. In 1590, Lady Cromwell, (the grandmother of Oliver Cromwell,) came to Warboys to visit. During this time, she met Mrs. Samuel and too accused her of being a witch. At one point, an argument ensued, which was quickly dissolved when Lady Cromwell cut off a lock of Mrs. Samuelss hair.Lady Cromwell later on became ill and later died in 1592.In 1592 Alice Samuel confessed to witchcraft, and was taken to Huntingdon where she was imprisoned with her daughter Agnes and her husband John. All three were tried on April 5th 1593 for the murder, by witchcraft, of La dy Cromwell, and were plant guilty. They were sentenced to be hanged. In conclusion, it seems that in the Tudor Century, men and women were segregated in just about everything, from the way they performed daily duties, to what crime was applicable to them.Tudor politics was no different, with the exception of certain women given power in some circumstances, but they still had to appease male advisors and peers, if their influence was to go ahead.Queens such as Elizabeth I made up for her lack in a husband or any other close male relative with her traffic with her male councilors and through the image of her personality as male during contact with the public. In response to the Parliamentary request she marries, 1559I am already startle unto a husband, which is the kingdom of England and that may suffice you.This proved to society that although she was a woman, she was not ruled by her male peers. Gender issues were a factor in Tudor politics, but they were not totally oppressive. It seems that for some people, the gates where open to them, as long as they adhered to certain rules and conduct. It is probably fair to say that, disrespect the limitations, women had more freedom in the Tudor period than they had had previously and would have again for some time. The Renaissance brought with it a new way of thinking. Elizabeth being on the throne also encouraged men to educate their daughters, in the hope that it would secure them a more advantageous match in marriage, further increase their political influence.ReferencesReed, K Selected Writings of John Knox Public Epistles, Treatises, and Expositions to the Year 1559 Presbyterian Heritage Publications, (1994)Carol Levin, the Reign of Elizabeth I (Palgrave, 2002).www.tudorbritain.orgElton, G.R. England under the Tudors. Routledge(1955)Daybell, J. Women and Politics in Early modern-day England, 1450-1700 Ashgate.(2004)

Twinning In Cattle :: essays research papers fc

Twinning in CattleDue to the continual fluctuation of the kine market oxen nominatershave been searching for ways to improve their production and increase theirprofits any way possible. For years genetic engineers have been working hard onimproving economic efficiency in cattle. It is their hope that through geneticresearch they can improve the yield and the income of cattle producers aroundthe world. Research has shown that check is star way that farmers can increasetheir yield . Twinning has a significant influence on producers as well aspeople who atomic number 18 involved in all realms of agriculture. The reason for this largeimpact at this time is the fact that the occurrences are limited. However, manyproducers have a vision that jibe can be more than a once in a blue moonoccurrence. These producers see twinning as a way to dramatically increase theiryield per calving season. Producers will increase their income due to moreweight per year per cow. It is necessary however , that the producer be welleducated on how to handle twinning, in order for it to be successful for them.Many agencies see twinning as an economic move upward. The AmericanBreeder Service has make efforts to produce semen as well as embryos with highpredicted breeding values available to producers. They have been recorded basedon twinning probabilities and ovulation grade. A large amount of work ontwinning has also been done by the Meat and Animal Research Center. Since theearly eighties, they have located cattle with a high frequency of twinning andbeen forming a breeding foundation based on this characteristic. We believe thetime has come to make some of these queer genetic resources available to thebeef industry through artificial insemination and embryo conveyancing (Gregory 23).An extensive amount of research has been done using embryo transfer in cattle.In one study recipients were implanted with either a single embryo, two embryoin one uterine horn, or one embryo in each u terine horn. It is also possible tosplit embryos using a micro manipulator and implant each half to produceidentical twins. On the average about 16% of the cows implanted with two embryosproduced twins. When two embryos were implanted, and one was placed in each horn,conception rates were comparable with the prior method, however the twinningrate was much higher when the embryos were in separate horns (73% vs. 45%). Forthe most part, when one embryo was split in an attempt to produce identicaltwins, only one of the offspring survived birth (Davis 302).Many producers see twinning as a possible advancement in