Social Stratification and Class

kindly Stratification and ClassDiscuss what is meant by affable stratification and evaluate the opposite bearings that social class has been defined and pulsed.The term social stratification refers to the grouping of social classes deep down a order of magnitude. This is a specific form of variation, and the effect of this is that certain groups in society argon seen as having a higher status or rank than others ground on power and wealth. Social stratification works by society ranking which is based in four sections. Social stratification croup be passed from one generation to the next, i.e. royalty, it is universal but varies over time and place, it is a trait of society not individual differences and lastly social stratification also goes on beliefs and not just inequality (Wikipedia, 2014). Sociologists argue that well-nigh form of social stratification occurs in every society in the creation despite that everyone claims to want an equal society (Burton, 2013). Soci ologists consider at that place to be three main strategys of stratification in todays societies. These are slavery, the order system and the class system.Slavery has legally been abolished in many countries but there is still evidence of at least 400 million commonwealth living under conditions that amount to slavery. For those living in Sudan, Ghana, India, Pakistan, and many other countries with similar ideals, slavery is a common thing to happen and in certain parts of Asia sex slavery is also common. A caste system is a social system built on ascribed status. This is a status based on characteristics a someone is born with, such as race, gender, religion, age etc. In a caste system there is no chance to change from one caste to another and marriage outside of a psyches caste is not generally permitted. Often in a caste system the marriages are pre-arranged between parents rather than a choice of the individual. A class system is a social system built on achieved status. This is status that a soulfulness either earns or chooses so is not dependent on where a person was born or a persons parentage. Those born in a class system outhouse choose their education, career and partner. A person in a class system may also start off in one class but can move between classes (Spark Notes, n.d). For many sociologists the focus is on the caste and class systems of stratification and the amount of social mobility within that system. This social mobility is the ease of which a person can move up or down the class system and leave behind be based on a persons wealth or power.In modern horse opera societies, stratification is set up by class and divided into three main layers, upper class, middle class and note class. all(prenominal) of these classes can then be broken down into further categories determined by things such as housing locations (Wikipedia, 2014). A persons social class will depend on where they are from, what they do for a living, where they a chieved their education, who they are connected to and how powerful them people may be, how much wealth they call for and their position in society. When a persons social class is being considered their education will not generally be considered, unless of course they attended a high ranking education facility. This person will also need to have some high connections to be considered for upper class status. If a person is lacking any of these factors they will be considered as middle or hitherto lower class, depending on their postcode or bank balance, within a western society. In modern western societies there are various categories for social stratification such as age, race, gender, class, race or handicap and in some places there will be even more categories (Wikipedia, 2014).Social compartmentalisation has taken place longsighted before the modern form of classifying people began. Social stratification has been measured in different forms from asking people which class t hey feel they belong in to using a persons postcode. The two most used measures are both based on occupation. The Registrar ordinarys Standard Occupation salmagundi (SC) and the Socio-Economic Groups (SEG). The SC began in has been in the census since 1901 and is based on a persons occupation which will fall into one of six categories Professional, Intermediate, Skilled (Non-Manual/Manual), partly Skilled and Unskilled. This is an ordinal measure that ranks occupation, by skill and social standing. The SEG is made up of 17 different categories and would in fact cover all eventualities of employment, house worker, student etc. This is a nominal measure that ranks occupation by employment status (Anon, n.d).The SC has strengths as well as weaknesses with its use. It is a uncomplicated system with easily generalizable categories. This system is also useful when wanting to compare the changes in occupations held over a period of time. However, this system does not appear to group pe ople it focuses more on the occupation. Another fuss with this system is that the categories do not consider the differences in income between certain occupations. The SEC also has some strengths and weaknesses to its reliability in measuring class. Its main strength is that it does have a wider range of categories for people to consider, heretofore its biggest weakness is that is still fails to acknowledge certain people, such as women, students and the unemployed (Sociology Org, 2013).Having more than one way of measuring social class has caused many problems. As occupations have changed dramatically over the years there are many problems with the way the SC and the SEG measures class. The biggest of the problems is that they are not designed to measure the occupations of women, housewives, students or even the unemployed adequately. Although this will generally be the most reliable as people will accommodate what is told to them by a presidential term body such as the Registr ar General. In 1994 a government review of social classifications took place with the aim to review the reliability of using occupation to measure social class, to review the social class categories and to assess the effectiveness of the changes made. These changes took place in 1998 and a new classification system, NS-SEC, was introduced beginning in the 2001 census (Anon, n.d).This change made to the way occupation is measured comes in ogdoad categories to include the differences in set locations. The categories of the NS-SEC are higher managerial and professionals, lower managerial and professionals, intermediate occupations (clerical, gross sales and services), small employers and own account workers, lower supervisory and technical occupations, semi-routine occupations, routine occupations and never worked or long term unemployed (Wikipedia, 2013).ReferencesAnon. (n.d) Definition and Measurement of Social Class online. Available from http//www.uwic.ac.uk/shss/dom/newweb/class definition/Difficulties.htm Last Accessed Jan 2014.Anon. (n.d) Social stratification online. Available from https//www.google.co.uk/universal resource locator?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1sqi=2ved=0CDAQkA4oADAAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwordnetweb.princeton.edu%2Fperl%2Fwebwn%3Fs%3Dsocial%2520stratificationei=TIw5U6OlM6viywP42IIIusg=AFQjCNFPiQoB3wnfTRpv0MM_X4Pr_XWEMwsig2=f2pVumGz7bpiGO8bUQIBnQ Last Accessed Jan 2014.Burton, J. (2013) Class and Stratification class hand-out. Access to Social Science Class and Stratification, Northampton College. Nov 2013.Sociology Org. (2013) quantity Social Class online. Available from http//www.sociology.org.uk/s3a.pdf Last Accessed Jan 2014.Spark Notes. (n.d) Social Stratification and Inequality online. Available from http//www.sparknotes.com/sociology/social-stratification-and-inequality/section3.rhtml Last Accessed Jan 2014.Wikipedia. (2013) National Statistics Socio-economic Classification online. Available from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_St atistics_Socio-economic_Classification Last Accessed Jan 2014.Wikipedia. (2014) Social Stratification online. Available from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stratification Last Accessed Jan 2014.BibliographyAnon. (2010) What does Social Stratification mean? Online. Available from https//uk.answers.yahoo.com/ oppugn/index?qid=20100529054226AAF1wY9 Last Accessed Jan 2014.Boundless. (n.d) Social Stratification online. Available from https//www.boundless.com/sociology/definition/social-stratification/ Last Accessed Jan 2014.Iiser (n.d) NSSEC online. Available from https//www.iser.essex.ac.uk/archives/nssec Last Accessed Jan 2014.Rose, D. Pevalin, D. (2010) Re-basing the NS-SEC on SOC2010 online. Available from https//www.google.co.uk/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1ved=0CC8QFjAAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Fguide-method%2Fclassifications%2Fcurrent-standard-classifications%2Fsoc2010%2Frebasing-the-ns-sec-on-soc2010.pdfei=MNI5U7nYCujOygO0-4Jousg=AFQjCNGQRPlUIA8sgVVcnseWNn reDM-o-Asig2=gpMzKE9XFYtaHKlPa4trYgcad=rja Last Accessed Jan 2014.Sociology Guide. (n.d) Questions on Social Stratification online. Available from http//www.sociologyguide.com/questions/social-stratification.php Last Accessed Jan 2014.

Cannabis Misuse Effects on Wellbeing

hempen necktie Misuse Effects on Well beingnessHow does halter misuse tinge on the health and well-being of novel populate between the ages of 11-17 in England?IntroductionThe major focus of this re chase impart be to explore how the misuse of marijuana can affect the health and social welfare of new people in England and who are between the ages of 11 17 years. Gaining understanding on the impacts on the impacts on health and well being of these young people within the age group entrust help the searcher to make intercommunicate and evidence based recommendations on the appropriate health procession interventions to tackle the health issue. Therefore, the seek will involve an extensive polish up of journals that have specific relevancy to the cannabis misuse among young people between the ages 11 17 and the review will be followed by critical discussions on the key themes that will arise from the results of the literature review. Also the discussions will be draw n from the activities of a Non Governmental Organisation (NGO) that is involved in tackling cannabis misuse among young people in the UK.Background and Rationale for Study ganja is from flowering plant known as cannabis sativa and it produces both euphoria and reduces fretfulness (Naftali et al, 2013 Moore, 2007). The drug can be used occasionally by individuals with prohibited cause significant social or mental problems but heavy users or addicts may contract anxiety and disturbed sleep after withdrawal from its use (Schaub et al, 2013 Moffat et al, 2013). In the year 2009, the UK Government reclassified cannabis from being Class C drug to Class B making it illegal for eitherone in possession of bestow quantity (Health and amicable flush Information Centre, 2011). The reclassifying of cannabis represents Government intervention to discourage poor modus vivendi choices especially among young people who have been found to be indulged in cannabis abuse and alike to promote hea lthy life-styles.The 2011 data from the Health and Social take Information Centre revealed that the preponderance of young adults ever having taken drugs has go downd from 48.6% in 1996 to 40.1% in 2010/11 and in 2009/10 lifetime prevalence was 40.7%. The moment receiving help for primary cannabis use has increased by more than 4,000 since 2005/06 to 13,123 in 2009/10. The number of under- 18s treated for problem drug use associated with primary use of heroin and crack is 530, less than one-half the number in 2005/06 (Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2011).Furthermore the data reveals that number of young people receiving help for primary cannabis use has increased by more than 4,000 since 2005/06 to 13,123 in 2009/2010. This increase in the number of young people receiving help for cannabis use is a major concern and this has prompted the finality to choose this topic. The concern here is that cannabis the misuse of cannabis health risks and which will widen the go in the inequalities in the health of the population in the UK. According to Moffat et al (2013) the use of cannabis affects the spooky system and causes anxiety and this has the potential to affect the health and wellbeing of the individual in the long experimental condition especially where the body metabolism is non able to resist those effects. A nonher rationale for choosing to question on cannabis misuse among the young people of this age group is that, though there is recorded decrease in the use of cannabis based on the data by the Health and Social Care Information Centre (2011), the 2013 report shows that as in previous years cannabis was the most astray used drug among pupils in 2012 with 7.5% reporting they had taken it in the last year (Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2014). The data suggests that the cannabis use among pupils is becoming a lifestyle and that if appropriate and adequate behavioural interventions are not implemented to cause a significant variegate of behaviour, this lifestyle may conk out a way of life of the 7.5% of the population of pupils. The wider implication of this unhealthy lifestyle is that the 7.5% of pupils may likely experience inequalities in health and to a fault exclude them from maximising potentials. Health inequality simply means neglect of uniformity in health or differences in health and this is often caused by various factors among which is the lifestyle of the population (Naidoo and Wills, 2011). This clearly suggests that the social distribution of health is linked to the differences in the risk behaviours of the individuals and that a change of risky behaviour reduces the differences in health (Naidoo and Wills, 2011).Aim and Objectives of the look forThe aim of the search is examine the potence of the interventions in reducing cannabis misuse among young people in England. To achieve this aim, the following 4 objectives have been setTo examine the prevalence of cannabis misuse among yo ung people in EnglandTo explore the implication of cannabis misuse on the health and wellbeing of young people in EnglandTo mention a pertinent organisation, justify its election and critically analyse one of its programme intervention in relation to cannabis misuse among young people in EnglandTo identify and critically discuss the durability of interventions in responding to cannabis misuse in England.Literature Search StrategyThe literatures will be searched electronically. The electronic search will involve the use online subject- specific databases to assess academic library. The use of the electronic to search literatures is due to the argument that computerised databases contain huge subject indexes of journal articles from which the research can choose subject-specific articles (Aveyard, 2010). The electronic databases from which journals will be sources from are PubMed CINAHL and others. The inclusion and exclusion strategy will be used because it will enable the resear cher to identify the specific literatures that will be helpful in answering the research question and achieving the four research objectives (Aveyard, 2010). The first instance in the literature is to identify keywords that capture the affection of the research. The key words that will be used are statistics of cannabis misuse in England cannabis and young people aged 11-17 years health risks and cannabis and cannabis misuse and UK government interventions. both(prenominal) quantitative and qualitative articles will be selected. The quantitative articles will include randomised controlled trials, cohort and caseful controls and cross-sectional studies (surveys/questionnaires) and qualitative studies will include grounded theory, ethnography and action research. Furthermore, only articles written within the recent 10 years, that is, 2004 to 2014 will be included and articles that do not meet this criterion no number how relevant and specific will be excluded.Ethics and anti-oppre ssive practice considerationsIt is important for the researcher to observe the main ethical issues relevant to the research process. This is because Bowling (2009) explains that those who agree to participate in the research process should be protected in relation to their privacy and manipulation and as such these participants should be shielded from any form of harm. The main ethical forms of protection for the participants are in terms of confidentiality anonymity and informed assent (Bowling, 2009). Confidentiality and anonymity are the protections for the participants so that the information that they provide are not related to them and that their identities are not revealed. Informed consent is the protection which ensures that the participant is given appropriate and adequate information about the research topic and to seek his or her consent to enable an informed decision as to whether to participate or not to participate (Bowling, 2009). These ethical issues are mostly ap propriate when carrying out primary research and not secondary research which does not involve contact with research participants (Bowling, 2009). Also the research will not be affected by other ethical principles of justice, non-maleficence, veracity and fidelity because it is a secondary research. However, this researcher will comply with the relevant ethical issues on secondary research. Therefore, the ethical issues such as informed consent, anonymity and confidentiality will not be considered since the research will not involve primary research. However, the research will comply with the requirements by the Internal Ethics Committee when it comes to plagiarism by ensuring that proper referencing is carried out so that the work of others will not be represented as those of this research.Research structureThe research will be arranged in 4 chaptersThe chapter 1 will give a truncated background of the research and the aims and objectives. The chapter 2 will analyse the results of the literatures that will be included from the literature search. Chapter 3 will briefly analyse the interventions by the UK Government and a chosen Non Governmental Agency (NGO). The outline will be followed by critical discussion using relevant theories of Health Promotion to valuate the extent to which the interventions have been effective in achieving the desired objective of health and well being for young people between the ages 11 17 years. The final part of the research will entail physical composition a reflective essay to critically evaluate what I have learnt through the processes of the essay and the relevant of the learning to my future career as a health and social care professional.Project fourth dimension TableGiven below is the timetable for the project. This timetable is flexible considering the fact that there may be changes in the University timetable and also the constraints in getting feedback from the supervisor who has very tight academic scheduleRefere ncesAveyard, H. (2010) Doing a literature review in health and Social Care. A practical guide. New York, NY Open UniversityBowling A (2009) Research Methods in Health Investigating health service 3rd edition, Open University Press, England McGraw-HillMoore TH, Zammit S, Lingford-Hughes A, Barnes TR, Jones PB, Burke M, Lewis G (2007). Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes a systematic review. fishgig 370, 319328.Moffat BM, Jenkins EK, Johnson JL Weeding out the information an ethnographic approach to exploring how young people make sense of the evidence on cannabis. Harm Reduct J. 2013 Nov 2710(1)34.Naidoo J. and Will J. (2011) Public Health and Health Promotion Foundation for Health Promotion. Bailliere Tindall, ElsevierNaftali, T,Bar-L. Schleider. L,Dotan. I,Lansky E.P,Sklerovsky B. F, and Konikoff F.M. (2013) Cannabis induces a clinical response in patients with Crohns disease a prospective placebo-controlled study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol.201 3 Oct 11(10)1276-1280.e1. doi 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.04.034. Epub 2013 May 4.Schaub MP, Haug S, Wenger A, et al Can reduce the effects of chat-counseling and web-based self-help, Web-based self-help alone and a waiting list control program on cannabis use in problematic cannabis users a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2013 Nov 14 13(1)305.Health and Social Care Information Centre (2011) Statistics on Drug Misuse England, Available atwww.hscic.gov.uk/catalogue/PUB12994/drug-misu-eng-2013-rep.pdf. Accessed on 04/12/20141

The Marriott International Incs Development Marketing Essay

The Marriott worldwide Incs Development Marketing EssayThe fountain of the Marriott world(prenominal) Inc was founded by J. Willard Marriott when he and his wife Alice Sheets opened a nine-stool AandW Root Beer stand which they later c each(prenominal)ed The Hot Shoppe in Washington, DC the spring of 1927.It sold hot fodder such as tamales, chili, and tacos were added to puffing customers during the benefitter months. In the following few years, with the hot shoppes kept expanding, Marriotts food operate had a veracious bourgeonment. In 1957, Marriott opened its first hotel which was a 365- direction Twin Bridges Motor Hotel in Arlington, Virginia. In 1967 its name was changed from Hot Shoppes, Inc., to Marriott Corporation and J.W. Marriott, Jr., became President and CEO. During the next 26 years, Marriott was developing fast by opening incompatible kinds of hotels to meet the impoerishment of people and acquiring different companies. In 1985, J. Willard Marriott passe d away and his oldest watchword J. Willard Bill Marriott, Jr., was named CEO and took over most study responsibilities. Marriott International Inc was established formally in 1993 when the former caller splits into Marriott International and Host Marriott Corporation. With its establishment, Marriott International Inc starts to break a worldwide operator and franchisor of hotels and related trapping facilities step by step. ( http//www.marriott.com/ bodilyinfo/culture/heritageTimeline.mi)Today, Marriott International Inc head lines in the Bethesda res publica of unincorporated Montgomery County, Maryland. And it is a leading worldwide hospitality participation with roughly 3150 lodging properties located in the United expresss and 67 other countries and territories. In 2010, its sales is $10,908.00M, And there argon 137000 employees in this corporation. With its excellent business sector achievement and sparing strength, Marriott International Inc has become one of Worl ds Fortune 500 for many years. And its rank is 213 in 2010. This big accompany is still developing and making progress continually. (http//money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/snapshots/10664.html)Marriott International Incs development cleart be achieved without the reveal people in this company. Nowadays, this companys CEO and chairman is J.W. Marriott, Jr. His leadership spans over 50 years, and he has taken Marriott from a family restaurant business to a global lodging company with 3500 properties in 70 countries and territories. Arne M. Sorenson, the hot seat and COO of Marriott International, Inc. He is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School and of Luther College in Decorah, Iowa. And he get together Marriott in 1996 when he specialized in mergers and acquisitions litigation and now he is responsible for the performance and produce of all of Marriotts worldwide dishonors and businesses. Marriotts Executive Vice President and CFO is Carl T. Berq uist. Mr. Berquist holds a B.S. in accounting from Penn State University and is a member of Penn States Smeal Business Schools Board of Visitors. In 2002, he joined Marriott as a associate at Arthur Andersen LLP. And now Mr. Berquist become the CFO with responsibility for global finance, including financial reporting, project finance, global treasury, corporate tax, inside audit, and investor relations. (http// b be-asseds.marriott.com/our-leadership.html)Although it has steady growth and profitability every year, Marriott International Incs Mission Statement is still to be the trump lodging and food benefit company in the world. It will achieve this goal by treating employees in ways that make up extraordinary customer avail and shareholder value. And its Vision Statement is to be the worlds lodging leader. To be the leader, this company keeps revolve arounding on serving the guest, extensive operational knowledge, the development of employees skills, and whirl the best lod ging brands in the lodging manufacture. (http//www.marriott.com/corporateinfo/culture/heritageJWMarriottJR.mi)Marriott international Incs steady growth and profitability is similarly related to its strategic alliances. Such as Asian American Hotel Owners Association, Association of Latino Professionals in finance and Accounting, B need Culinary Alliance, Gay Lesbian Alliance against Defamation and Hispanic Association of Corporate Responsibility. (http//www.marriott.com/marriott.mi? rogue=diversity_partners)Acquisitions play an important role during the development of Marriott International Inc. The recent acquisition on Mar 16 2011, Marriott International Inc subscribe tos AC Diplomatic, Barcelona from AC Hotels SA. And later in establish 1997, Marriott International acquired Renaissance Hotel Group N.V. for $916 cardinal in cash and the assumption of $54 billion in debt. This acquisition is the largest acquisition in Marriott history. (http//www.alacrastore.com/mergers-acqu isitions/Marriott_International_Inc-1065110)Section2Marriots is connected to global diversity to provide services that are above and beyond its customers experience. This strategy and concept has become its blueprint in its tradeing plan to match the needs of the customers to the various results and services and provide the best possible experience for their guests during their stays in the hotel.The company is global having three thousand properties in cardinal eight incompatible territories and countries by franchising hotels under different brands. Marriotts marketing plan will entail search in the industry to gather critical information and experiences to better generate marketing strategies that would be trenchant through application of customer care and integrity. Cost leadership and product differentiation has been integrated at Marriotts which offers different brands either luxurious or moderate to fit various clients needshttp//www.marriottconsulting.com/planning_se rvices.phpbusiness_plansStandard packages in service and products provide a more variety to the different atmospheres created by the different products offered by Marriotts. separate parameters must be included in the marketing plan like the marketing concept, product lifecycle and focus strategies that are important to guide a hotels marketing plan.The Hotels admittance and foundation in the market note plays a major role in its marketing plan by detailing its goals, marketing objectives and the needful factors to consider while implementing its marketing plan processes. Marriotts marketing strategies are geared towards the plan of maintaining its tradition of wanted service through the hotel brands to elevate guests stays, thus accomplishing its overall marketing objectives.http//www.academicwritingtips.org/component/content/article/35-social-sciences/562-marriot-hotel.htmlOur company met previous goals. Marriott International quaternth-quarter bread profit of 173 one thou sand meg, Marriott International Hotel Management Group, the fourth-quarter net profit of 1.73 billion U.S. dollars, wage per share were 46 cents, this performance better than last year. The fourth quarter of fiscal year 2009, Marriott International hotel management group net profit of 1.06 billion U.S.evenue was 36.4 billion U.S. dollars, 3.38 billion laster than the same hitch last year dollars.Marriott International Hotel Management Group, the fourth-quarter adjusted earnings of 39 cents per share, exceeding analysts had expected. Market look firm FactSet Research persuasion, analysts on average expected to Marriott International hotel management group for the fourth quarter of 36 cents per share on revenue enhancement of $ 3,580,000,000.http//sandiego.jobing.com/catering-sales-manager-courtyard-by-marriott-old-town/job/2710752Marriotts commitment to society blends corporate financial contributions with in-kind gravid and the volunteer service of our associates around the world. We participate in efforts to provide shelter, food, and childrens health, while creating career opportunities for our associates in the body of work and supporting education in the hospitality industry.http//www.marriott.com/corporate-social-responsibility/corporate-values.miMarriotts environmental vision is to demonstrate that corporate responsibility in hospitality management can be a positive force for the environment while creating stinting opportunities around the world. Marriott International has expanded its goals for its Diversity Outreach Initiative with a $1-billion pledge to nonage-and women-owned suppliers over the next four years, relationships with four saucyly signed minority- and women-owned and managed financial services firms, and a plan to double the number of minority owners and licensees in five yearshttp//www.resource-recycling.com/rr_conference/hotelandtravel.htmlSection3Marriott International Inc. is a participant in the Lodging industry. alone it is not only a participant but also a leader. Its industry is stable and keeping emergence everyday.Marriott International Inc. has been earning strong profits recently, even through comparable periods last year. With the improvement of economy and agency rates wealthy person bolstered the industry. Figures from a recent report show that average daily rates revenue per room, and occupancy for U.S. hotels all change magnitude during the first week of 2011.Expansion from the ground up, as well as through acquisitions, has been going on in South and Central America, as well as in china and India. With a growing middle class in India and China, MAR meet the need for increase accommodation in the area. As the economy continues to recover, the Lodging industry will be hoping to continue to develop fast. So MAR will be across-the-board of motivation and energy to develop. Whether in China or the world, the service quality, advanced technology, and services of Marriott International a dvanced the worlds first hotel group. Which has won wide public experience and customers a high degree of trust? Marriott launched a number of brands through market fractionation for different market segments they are Marriott, JW Marriott, Ritz-Carlton, Renaissance, Courtyard, Ritz-Carlton, Ramada and other hotel brands. Marriott has its own characteristics and different market positions. For example, a luxury-class hotel is JW Marriott, Marriott and Renaissance hotels with a high quality, but the brand image of the Renaissance is more flexible. Marriott Executive Apartments is the market for long-term accommodation. Courtyard is for mid-range market. (http//www.flyertalk.com/assembly/marriott-rewards/139599-marriott-reluctant-reward-program-participant.html)Marriott hotels, resort hotels and suites are for upscale, full-service hotels.Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company is the high consumption-oriented class, which it is able to provide the best facilities, food and service symbol.Ramada is a high-quality mid-priced brand, mainly for business and sightseeing tourists. (http//www.marriott.com/corporateinfo/glance.mi)Marriott international competitors have begun doing so more pro-actively. The industry of hotels is highly fragmented. emulation with hotels is generally based on the quality of rooms, restaurants, meeting facilities and services, attractiveness of locations, availability of a global distribution system, price and other factors. There are 3 competitors of Marriott internationalHilton Hotels Hilton is one of the leading hotel and leisure companies in the world. It is primarily involved in the management and development of hotels across the globe. Initially Hilton focused on acquiring and owning more real estate. However, it has recently changed its growth strategy, and it now focuses on spreading its operations through franchisees. worldwide Hotels IHG is the largest hotel company by number of rooms, with 590,361 rooms in over 100 countries around the w orld. It operates a diverse portfolio of brands across multiple economic segments, including Intercontinental Hotels and Resorts. Crowned Plaza Hotels and Resorts, Holiday Inn, and Holiday Inn Express.Orient-Express Hotels Orient-Express Hotels is a hotel and leisure group, which is focused on the luxury market. The company owns and operates luxury hotels, restaurants, tourist trains, and river cruises in over 25 countries. (http//www.dailyfinance.com/company/marriott-international-inc)The ways to counter the competitionMarriott prefer to use multi-brand strategy to meet the needs of different market segmentsMarriott for different market segments successfully launched a series of brandThey has been struggling to improve the service details and content, customers will be related to differences in the details of effective records, as well as the attitude of its supply and overall good qualityMarriotts corporate culture summed up as Marriotts staff to create a practical action for th e guests to experience the service, its purpose is to serve the people. Marriott full play the transport of employees and retain talent, and attaches great importance to the role of human resources (http//www.academicwritingtips.org/component/content/article/35-social-sciences/562-marriot-hotel.html)As we all know, Marriott face large competition. So they should invest in research and development. Here are their investments1 support complex body part area of over 20,000 square meters, is expected to invest over 100 million Yuan, the expression of a 16-story, 300 or more rooms of the modern high-star hotels.2 Marriott said its hotel owners and new franchise partners will invest a total of $ 190,000,000 bed.3 1.5 billion of investment in large projects colonised Marriott International Ming Shan HallHere are Marriotts ways to promote their products or services.1. Know your Hotel You must be a product expert for both your hotel and your competitors. 2. Prime Selling Time Adhere to prime exchange hours, by market, and ensure those hours are dedicated to pure selling activities and customer interaction.3. Access to Manager No Messages on any enquiries, even if the General Manager has to take the call.4. Customer Rapport All proceedings with customers and sales activities demonstrate our desire to know them and build relationships.5. Determine Customer Needs You must con objectives of event, definition of event success and qualitative decision-making criteria in addition to quantitative dates, rates and space.Marriotts advantages in its area are that Marriott Hotel Marriott Hotel was at the service management group, the basic philosophy of people serving people, which has two aspects graceful treatment of every employee, while focusing on the feelings of employees, so that they understand home feeling. Marriott nearly 50% of managers are promoted from within the company, the companys job vacancies to give prior(prenominal)ity to internal staff, only no suit able internal candidate before hiring from the community, and impertinent recruitment, salary levels provided by the general high the industry average of 50% to 75%. The hotel is a typical service industry, Marriott that only a good company to employees, employees will be good guests.There are five systems to ensure its Marriott Hotel in the real implementation of its people at the service concept. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriott_International)How does the Marriott Internet develop so fast and Marriott will what the situation introduced new brand or new product on-line? The answer is when its through in the hotel market survey found there is enough, not yet fill blank or the demand is not fully satisfy customer demand, the company will launch when demand for these new products or services this means that companies need to forever for customer demand research. Through the analysis can be found, Marriott, the core competences lie in her customer survey and customer knowledge, Marriott will be applied to all this from fair hotel to li jia all hotel brand. So, Marriotts superiorities are not Hotel management, but the customer knowledge acquisition, processing and management.Marriott has been committed to seek it the gaps between different brands. If the investigating shows that some segments of the market has enough targeted customers need some new product or service features, so Marriott will ascend product or service to meet customer new demand If the survey shows that in one subdivision target audience, many people to a range of different characteristics have needs, Marriott will put these people as a new customer group and developed a new brand.Marriott international company provides beneficial for brand development thinking. For an existing product or service for, new features added to what extent is only necessary to ascend? And to what extent can create a new brand? The answer is when additional features can create a kind of new things and can att ract different target customer, you will have the product or service ascension or brand new born.Marriott company announced the development of the elastic suite this brand of practice is a good example. At the time, Marriott will elastic suite price at $75 between 95 and plans to March 1, 1999, 14 home built in when the two years later add 55 house. live suite fair suite and fair suite originally is fair hotel part. Male was founded in 1997, at the time, the Wall Street journal is so describe the fair suite capacious but lack adornment, toilet no door, sitting room of the shop is linoleum, its pricing is 75 dollars. In fact, people who are sensitive to the price and terms, this suite are fair in the hotel room of the sample more spacious. The pass is fair suite customers may not like linoleum, and are willing to render for decorate a bit better room some more money. Hence, Marriott by increasing the ironing board and other pleasant thing to change fair suite image, and through l aying carpet, adding the fireplace and breakfast room to improve the sitting room conditions. Through these aspects of ascension, Marriott hotel clued into the new batch of target customers emphasizing value buyers. But later, Marriott found fairness suite of the ascension is not always effective, price sensitive fictitious character customers dont want, and gaming out attention to value its customers and the pig. Hence, Marriott consider fair suite convert elastic suites, and restart the customer market segmentation. By measuring, Marriott got this data relative to price sensitive type customers as fair suite brings the income, those who pay attention to the customer value for elastic suite at least $5 more income.In a competitive market segment for product promotion, we must pay special attention acquire and maintaining customers. For the price sensitive type customers, you must undertake product or service to avoid they turn to the ascension of competitors. Without competiti on or no foreseeable competition exists, then there is no need for ascension. In fact, competition often always exist, the key is to adopt necessary ascension to ensure that competitive advantage. Face price sensitive type customer, too much room doesnt help fair hotel create a competitive advantage.For China, we can learn a lot from the Marriott.Usually, hotel business income can be divided up into three parts, one is relatively stable guest room, it is the hotel accommodation income that came with the catering business income, and three is including offices, shops, flatbed rent and entertainment business, miscellaneous income each. Now, with all kinds of office buildings, shops, apartment hotel time, a lot of the fat, the hotel by licentiously robbed in this competition, almost crumbled in big cities is entertainment speaking, the entertainment blossom everywhere, hotel entertainment income is increasingly atrophy. For example, 2000 Guangzhous biggest garden hotel total operatin g income is RMB 4.1 billion, compared with 1996 garden hotel revenue 5.4 billion, short four years time, incredibly shrunk more than 24 percent. The garden hotel general manager LiaoMingHua some helplessly say, we pulled out all the way, but the garden hotel business performance is still in step by step and sliding into deep In 2000, the China hotel revenue is 3.9 billion, the white swan hotel revenue for 3 million, compared to 1996 5.2 million and 3.4 million, in a big shock, and oriental person hotel and international hotels performance is also down dramatically. 2001 is attempting to rumors China industry has been the United States has a good hotel in hotel management ability of the Marriott hotel management group purchase this makes Guangzhou hotel industry sticker shock. China hotel, said to the external of the top hotel management control only by Hong Kong new world change, in order to Marriott hotel shareholders did not change, the more there is no takeover, said. It is repo rted, China hotel grunde Hong Kong new world hotel limited company management, but from the ancestor of the change in 2001 by Marriott management, accordingly, Marriott hotel every year from China, turnover extracted from 2.5 percentage points in return. With Chinas eventual entry into the WTO, the famous hotel groups like Sheraton, Hilton, west in brand has angrily blew the trumpets into Chinas hotel industry, the international brand and local anesthetic hotels exchange unavoidable.Domestic even heavyweight hotel even so big alligator, other colleagues situation can be seen, international and domestic hotel gap also therefore In fact, the biggest gap between Chinese and foreign hotel management, especially in it is the management strategy of the brand as the core. China hotel industry wants to win in the competition and obtain continuous development, it is necessary to learn modestly from foreign peer encyclopedism and solid improve their management level. Marriotts approach is t o provide some new ideas for us?Nowadays, the hospitality industry is same as consumer goods is undergoing drastic changes. As a hotel operator, you must always ask yourself I am ready to compete in upgrading of product or service in order to protect their market, or prepare for new segments of the market to develop new product? If cull the former, pay attention to product or service, thus reduces ascension is not incremental monetary value, because the existing customers often dont want to pay more. If choose the latter, new product or service must contain many new targeted customers expect things, pass on says, is the need to have a different brand this brand wont impact the original brand, and new customers can accept this new product or service and are willing to pay high prices. Marriott hotel through creating elastic suite successfully will a make price sensitive type dissatisfied customers mode is transformed into a emphasizing value customer mode, it is a typical case.Se ction4MARRIOTT REVENUES amount $11.7 billion in 2010 compared to $10.9 billion in 2009. Total fees in 2010 were $1,185 million, an increase of 9 percent from the prior year. Stronger base management and franchise fees reflected the increase in worldwide REVPAR and unit growth across the system. inducement management fees increased 18 percent reflecting higher shoes-level profit due to worldwide REVPAR increases and continued cost control, as well as international unit growth. For full year 2010, 27 percent of company-operated hotels earn incentive management fees compared to 25 percent in the prior year. Approximately two-thirds of incentive management fees came from hotels outside North America in both 2010 and 2009BALANCE SHEET At year-end 2010, total debt was $2,829 million and cash balances totaled $505 million, compared to $2,298 million in debt and $115 million of cash at year-end 2009. Adjusting for the debt associated with securitized Timeshare owe notes now required to be consolidated under new accounting rules, adjusted total debt, net of cash, totaled $1,308 million, a decline of $875 million since year-end 2009.At year-end 2010, Marriott had no borrowings outstanding under its $2.4 billion revolving bank credit facilityGooglehttp//www.finchannel.com/Main_News/Travel_Biz/80829_Marriott_International_Announces_Plan_to_Spin_Off_Timeshare_Business_/ 29 March 2011The stock price of the company and major competitorsKey StatsMARMoreStockInd AvgPrice/Earnings TTM29.641.8Price/Book8.33.3Price/Sales TTM1.21.8Rev yield (3 Yr Avg)-3.5-3.1EPS Growth (3 Yr Avg)-11.3Operating Margin % TTM5.97.7Net Margin % TTM3.92.9ROE TTM33.65.8Debt/Equity1.91.0 tiptop Marriott International, Inc. challengersCompaniesLocationAccor SAvry,FranceHilton Worldwide, Inc.McLean,VAInterContinental Hotels Group PLCDenham,BuckinghamshireCompetitor on consignMinnetonka,MNCompetitor on fileToronto,ONCompetitor on fileSpartanburg,SCCompetitor on fileChicago,ILCompetitor on fileNew Yo rk,NYCompetitor on fileBoca Raton,FLCompetitor on file whiten Plains,NYCompetitor on filePhoenix,AZCompetitor on fileSilver Spring,MDGooglehttp//www.hoovers.com/company/Marriott_International_Inc/hjfkxi-1-1njea3.html 29 March 2011But what happened to the stock prices and why, this is because Marriott Internationals asset-light business model, premier brands, and experienced management team have helped the firm carve out a narrow economic moat. Although 2009 was challenging, the travel markethas stabilized and a slow recoveryhas taken hold. In our opinion, Marriotts long-term prospects remain bright.Google http//quote.morningstar.com/Stock/s.aspx?t=MAR 29 March 2011And what the company will be in the future, The companys 2011 full year guidance assumes that the spin-off of the Timeshare segment does not occur in the current year and does not include pro forma adjustments or work expenses. For the full year 2011, the company expects a strong pricing environment. The company assumes f ull year 2011 systemwide REVPAR on a constant dollar basis will increase 6 to 8 percent in North America, outside North America and on a worldwide basis.The company expects to open close to 35,000 rooms in 2011 as mosthotels expected to open are already under construction or undergoing conversion from other brands. Given these assumptions, full year 2011 fee revenue could total $1,310 million to $1,340 million and owned, leased, corporate housing and other revenue, net of direct expense, could total $115 million to $ one hundred twenty-five million.The company estimates that, on a full year basis, one point of worldwide systemwide REVPAR impacts total fees by near $15 million pretax and owned, leased, corporate housing and other revenue, net of direct expense, by approximately $5 million pretax.The company expects 2011 Timeshare contract sales to be in line with 2010 adjusted levels.The company expects its 2011 general and administrative costs to increase 3 to 5 percent over 2010 adjusted levels reflecting increased pass for brand initiatives and higher costs in international growth markets.The company expects investment spending in 2011 will total approximately $500 million to $700 million, including $50 million to $100 million for maintenance capital spending. Investment spending will also include other capital expenditures (including property acquisitions), new mezzanine financing and mortgage notes, contract acquisition costs, and equity and other investments.Based upon the assumptions above, full year 2011 EBITDA is expected to total $1,170 million to $1,230 million, a 12 to 18 percent increase over the prior years adjusted EBITDA.Google http//www.finchannel.com/Main_News/Travel_Biz/80829_Marriott_International_Announces_Plan_to_Spin_Off_Timeshare_Business_/ 29 March 2011A financial advisor said about the companys stock as an investment. Marriott International Inc.s shares slipped 2.2% premarket to 36.80% after Goldman Sachs lowers its stock-investment rating on the hotel operator to neutral from buy, where it has been since January 2009. Goldman remains bullish on the hotel sector, but says valuation of Marriotts timeshare unit, which it is spinning off, is creating a drag. Goldman says the timeshare division may produce lower borderline than expected and units earnings are more cyclical, meaning the remaining hotel entity multiple would have to expand dramatically to offset the possible dilution of the spinoff.Googlehttp//blogs.wsj.com/marketbeat/2011/03/28/hot-stocks-this-morning-nokia-alcatel-lucent-and-many-more/ 29 March 2011

Difficulties in Developing Petroleum Industry in Vietnam

Difficulties in Developing Petroleum Industry in Vietnamby Nguyen Duc Anh Tuan entreNowadays, in the deviseing era with fast pace, those agricultural countries, particularly Vietnam, king non entirely focus on improving the agriculture still excessively pay attention to developing the industrial ara. More specific solelyy, Vietnam has been concentrating on how to develop the bollocks up and embrocate patience recently. However, the country is still face up a circle of difficulties. This essay pass on discuss in skill or so what are the problems and point out the potential causes for those challenges base on three questionsWhat are the reasons causing difficulties for the development?What are the effects of these problems for Viet Nam?What are possible solutions to resolve these problems?Definition of anoint and bollocks agree to the Vietnam fossil oil and Gas Law (1993) rock oil and bluster means crude oil, ingrained botch and hydrocarbons in bollix upeous, liq uid or solid in its born(p) province except coal, shale, bitumen or other minerals digest be extracted oil. Oil and drift activities is active exploration, development and mining of petroleum, including direct suffice activities for these activities. there are many oil and gas activities dividing into different theater of operationss.Situation of petroleum manufacturing in Viet NamThe petroleum industry contributed most amount of opposed currency to serve the economy as electricity and gas, gasoline and loot energy. Recently, the National Oil and Gas Group Vietnam (PVN) has provided nearly 35 million m3 of dry gas takings, 40% of national electricity production, 35-40% urea entreat and total 70 % of LPG demand for industrial development and consumer welfare. Raw oil export has a strong growth and stability, greatly contributes to country exports, peculiarly in earlier periods, averaging some 15%. Currently, this proportion has decreased and exactly at about 7.5. Alt hough total exports are declining but oil and gas industry is still keeping the unit contribution at about 18-22% of total national GDP. (tapchitaichinh.vn, 2012)Causes and effects causing difficulties for the developmentFirst of all, it fundament be denied that there has been a miss of technology which put gas and oil industry of Vietnam under difficulty. After a unyielding cadence being an agriculture focus country, Vietnam has decided to change and transform into an industrial country. Obviously, that decision may lead to the fact that the country susceptibility lack skills and technology to adapt to this industry. One of the main weaknesses of our country is that the government might not have enough capital to invest into developing and update technologies. Prices of various types of equipment, supplies, fuel and services primarily are relate to production and business activities which make investments more complicated.Vietnam oil and gas industry straight off is quite yo ung with limited tender-hearted resource capacity to supply so that it cannot meet demand. Our country mainly exports crude oil and imports slap-up oil to serve local demand. There are some refineries that went into work as the Dung Quat oil refinery, Nghi Son refinery but only supply about 35% of domestic demand. Meanwhile, demand for petroleum products is increasing, not only in the short term but in the extensive term due to the population explosion and the continuous growth of the industry, curiously the acceleration of the transport sector needs to do more According to OPEC, demand for petroleum fuels is increasing rapidly, especially in developing countries, and by 2025, the supply go out not meet the demand. Moreover, increasing oil prices also have a tremendous impact on the development of this industryThose reasons above have led to human resource in gas and oil industry became more expensive. That led to the significant increase in the number of people who wish to work in the oil and gas sector. Many students said that they are studying the oil industry not only because of higher salaries, simply because of the fact that oil industry is considered to be the solutions for the future of the energy industry. However, Vietnam labor market is a serious unstableness between sectors and areas. We have abundant unskilled labor and a lot of labor who have shortage of Technical Skill.According to Mr. Hoang Nhat Thong (Office of the popular Department of Sea and Islands), the economy in commonplace marine, oil and gas industry in particular, is a severe manpower shortage will affect only the maritime economy and coastal contribute about 53-55% of the total GDP of the country in 2020. Urgent solutionsOil and gas industry is the field has to combine all of those technologies and sciences like astronomy, tides, marine sciences, manifestation and installation of offshore structures such as rigs, pipelines, tanks, drilling into the ground, the work of g eology, geophysics, exploration of the stratigraphy Therefore, the application of science and technology in the oil and gas activities can image high efficiency, save natural resources, enhance oil recuperation factor and other resources saving as well as treasure ecological resources.Therefore we have to build human resources management trunk according to international standards, which include the application of information technology systems, social occasion capabilities, the standard title, system evaluation, payment regulation, bonuses, rules and criteria for recruitment to appoint the head, proper preparation and appropriate building standards, criteria representatives and representatives of Petro Vietnam stake in the oil and gas activities in the country and foreign pilot who runs accordance with the Law on Enterprises. For revenue enhancement policy should define equality between domestic service with service by foreign companies perform as VAT, import duty, It should have exceed policies and encourage oil and gas activities in the deep water offshore exploration and exploitation of natural gas tax policy should be adjusted based on the refinery and in the planning to compete with import products, policies for gas and electricity prices should approach the market mechanism.Have appropriate policies related to arrange key capital projects through Grant, loan guarantee and ensure currency converter to facilitate in arranging loans for major projects the state level, support preferential loans from the Development Bank minimum of 20% to 30% of total investment projects focus on oil and gas.(Pvcfc.vn, 2014)EvaluationObviously, to develop gas and oil industry, it is important to fully invest in all areas however, all of those solutions have pros and cons themselves. All of the above mentioned solutions usually take long time and a lot of money to consider, improve and implement, especially put in technologies and human resources. However, once thos e two are on set, they will have a great impact on this industry. Besides that, likely they do not take as much time as changing the countrys policy since it is much harder to change the social unit countrys system. Finally, maybe gas and oil industry should go with technologies first since it is mandatory for such an industry.Regarding to human resources, we recently identified human resource as one of the most important factors to make decisions in production and business activities as well as drive withdraw development of any society, particularly in the oil and gas industry it is also reflected in the work environment , in terms of general science, technology, international environment and different cultures.ConclusionEven though it is opened to say that gas and oil industry is still facing a lot of challenge if the government of Vietnam wants to develop this kind of industry more. In that case, they should consider about how to raise enough capital to invest in equipment, t o cover potential loss and to recruit right people. However, it cannot be denied that this area of industry is very attractive for investor therefore Vietnam can also want for big investment from foreign country to develop gas and oil industry.Referencesmoj.gov.vn (1993), Lut du kh nm 1993 (online). functional at http//www.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/Lists/Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=10817 Accessed 24 Dec 2014Nang Luong Viet Nam (2014), Ngnh Du kh Vit Nam trc thch thc an ninh nng lng quc gia (online). operable at http//nangluongvietnam.vn/news/vn/dau-khi-viet-nam/nganh-dau-khi-viet-nam-truoc-thach-thuc-an-ninh-nang-luong-quoc-gia.html Accessed 19 Dec 2014Pvcfc.vn (2014), Chin lc pht trin ngnh Du kh n nm 2020 Nhng gii php c bn (online). unattached at http//www.pvcfc.com.vn/article-detail.aspx?id=41 Accessed 18 Dec 2014tapchitaichinh.vn (2012), Ngnh Du kh Vit Nam Tim nng ln, tng trng cao (online). Available at http//www.tapchitaichinh.vn/Chung-khoan/Nganh-Dau-khi-Viet-Nam-Tiem -nang-lon-tang-truong-cao/14143.tctc Accessed 19 Dec 2014tiasang.com.vn (2007), Khng hong nng lng ln th 3 online. Available at http//tiasang.com.vn/Default.aspx?tabid=62News=1648CategoryID=7 Accessed 23 Dec 2014tuyendungthuyenvien.com.vn (2014). Ngnh du kh v vic tuyn dng thuyn vin tu du (online). Available at http//www.tuyendungthuyenvien.com.vn/2014/10/nganh-dau-khi-va-viec-tuyen-dung-thuyen.html Accessed 24 Dec 2014

Indias Economic, Social and Political Development

Indias Economic, Social and Political DevelopmentDiscuss how India has repositiond stintingally companionablely and politi chaty with compliancy to other part of the world.India is a reaping solid ground located in Asia it is the spot most populated country in the world. India in the early(prenominal) decade has changed economically, socially and politically. India has establish an increasingly primal part of the global economic landscape over the past decade. Its rescue has become more than open to international trade. Its workforce is growing powerfully and the rate of investment has picked up interest economic reforms. This essay will be aimed at the economic political and social changes in India with respect to other parts of the world.Economic ChangesLooking back at the starting signal decade of the 21st Century (2000-2010) we sanitaryly consider that this decade sure discount be called Indias Decade of Development. The structure of the Indian scrimping diffe rs in rough important respects from that of most other developing economies, the population is growing and its deliverance has benefited from its running(a) develop population anticipate to grow till the next quadruple decades. Mukesh Ambani states that As long as we place millions of Indians at the canter of our thought process, as long as we think of their welfare, their future, and their opportunities for self-realization we are on the right track. For India can grow, prosper, pompousness only if they grow, prosper, flourish. We can non grow by any esoteric strategies. Our purchasing power, our economic strength, our marketplace all depends on the prosperity of our people (n.d.). Indias economy has had a speedy change in real terms the growth in per capita income has been modest over the past decade. In terms of unending prices, the per capita income which was Rs. 16,173 in (2000-01) rose to Rs. 24,295 by (2007-08) and to 26,618 in (2009-10). That is a rise of 64 percent over the decade. The per capita income would fix been higher but for the global economic crisis which pulled down the countrys growth rate during 2008-09 to 6.8 percent from 9.3 percent in the old year and 9.6 percent in the year before (Adam Mark , 2010) (Nirupam Jeffrey, 2011).(This can be seen in tabulate 1 below)Table 1 ack like a shotledgment Economic Survey, various issues, Ministry of Finance, Government of IndiaSocial ChangesThere has been a rapid social change in India over the past decade. The social structures of India has alter in over the last two decades. There has been an amendment in some areas like family, caste system, and marriage system.The Indian family structure has changed due to the effects of modern social forces. There has been modifications in the way families relate and operate. The chief(prenominal) structure of an Indian family is the joint structure whereby the family members live under the similar roof in this type of family structure the eld est male is the head, he make the decision on behalf of the whole family. However, the properties and money belongs to everyone. In veritable fact, the joint family system is losing significance and an urban family type is been practised in that respectby causing a causing a change to a atomic family system (Mahesh, 2011).According to (C.H Cooley) When a class is somewhat hereditary, we may call it caste. The caste system India has changed with the effects of modern education, industrialisation, social reforms, change in legislation, and the influence of modern communication systems. Hereditary social structure, primed(p) occupations and food restriction were prominent in India whereby you have to concern your familys occupation and behaviour similarly in that respect are varied jobs for different caste types for example there is a certain caste to become a soldier. However, caste systems are losing their importance as modernisation and sanskritisation have changed the way p eople think and behave (Calicut, 2011).There are four main types of marriage in India which are polygyny, polyandry, endogamy and monogamy. However, there has been a tremendous change in the marriage structure monogamy is immediately the practised marriage system in India as a answer of others been legally prohibited. Also the influence of parents in choosing their childrens partners has really cut and children are now choosing their partners. In addition there has been alterations in the age of marriage and a man under 21 age is not allowed to marry while a woman under 18 years cannot marry (Mahesh, 2011).International relationsThe Indian economy has become more diverse and globally integrated, as the Indian economy benefited from the high working age population so as other countries benefited from this. The population in India has attracted a lot of investors due to the fact that labour is cheap and also political factors have also influenced the rate of exotic investors. Apa rt from this scientific factors have also compete a major role in the increase in investment as most electrical parts are exported from India however, India has become a resourceful location for electrical and engineering science companiesIndia is increasing its importance as a trading partner to countries, and there has been increase in the investment of GDP in India over the past decade. India is the worlds fifth largest oil refining country, it has a strong trading relationship with United Arab Emirate which is a major importer of elegant oil colour products also India is a significant importer of precious stones which are mostly processed and exported to other countries. In addition, India is a good exporter of iron ore although iron ore has a low share of its total export due to the high export duty fees applied to promote growth in the countrys steel sector (Adam Mark , 2010). (As can be seen in Table 2)Table 2Source UN ComtradeIn conclusion, during the past decade ther e has been a lot of changes In India. The Indian economy due to political changes has become very strong, there has been an increase in the GDP and India is now mentioned among the top four developing countries (BRIC).In addition, there has been a lot of social changes in India including factors like caste, marriage system, education and family structure these factors have played a significant role in the changes recognised in India today. India is the second most populous country in the world with an estimate of 1.26 one million million people (Statistics, 2014).As a result of this, the Indian economy will continue to grow as over 65% of the population is below 35 years old. Indias relationship with other countries has also been strengthened following necessary reforms and India now trades with a lot of countries also the rate of foreign investors has increased.Finally it can be said that if developing countries like India, China, Brazil, Nigeria, Russia and so on continue to gro w at this rate they would challenge the sovereignty of substantial countries like the USA, UK, France, Germany etc.ReferencesAdam, C. Mark , B., 2010. Economic Change in India. Bulletin, September, pp. 19-24.Calicut, U. o., 2011. India rules of order and Social change. Online Available at http//www.universityofcalicut.info/SDE/BA_sociology_indian_society.pdf Accessed 10 June 2014.Mahesh, C., 2011. India Society and Social Change. In H. Mohamad, ed. India Society and Social Change. Khozikode Computer Section, SDE, pp. 15-38.Nirupam, B. Jeffrey, S. D., 2011. INDIAS DECADE OF DEVELOPMENT. Online Available at http//globalcenters.columbia.edu/mumbai/files/mumbai/ center/CGC_WP4_Indias_Decade_of_Development_II.pdf Accessed 19 June 2014.Statistics, W. P., 2014. World Population statistics. Online Available at http//www.worldpopulationstatistics.com/population-of-india-2014/ Accessed 19 June 2014.i1i Rs = India RupeeRs1 = 0.0097(BRIC) = Brazil Russia India China

Basic token economy

Basic item economyAbstract harmonise to Martin and pear tree (2007), a symbol economy is a body of appearance adjustment base on the principles of operant conditioning. The original proposal for much(prenominal) a scheme emphasized reinforcing irrefutable fashion by awarding particulars for meeting positive behavioral goals. point economies save alike been implemented to decrease riotous behaviors and join on appropriate behaviors. items can then be redeemed for reinforcing objects or activities at a posterior point in time.Basic Token EconomiesAccording to Martin and pear tree (2007), a token economy is a act of behavior modification program in which individual(a)s can gain tokens for do sexually attractive behaviors, and can cash in their tokens for various fireman reinforcements. Individuals come up tokens immediately after revealing desirable behavior. The tokens ar collected and later exchange for items or privileges (such as food or free time) and pun ishing unwanted behaviors by taking extraneous tokens. Shapiro and Goldberg (1986) have provided research to show that the wont of an individual contingency token system proves to be an effective mode for increase positive educatee behaviorsHistory of Token EconomiesKazdin (1982), reports that programs based upon the institution of rewards actual long before the emergence of behavior modification systems such as token economies. One such system from the 1800s has been discovered in England. According to Kazdin and Pulaski (2006), Joseph Lancaster posted a notice that read, All who will may send their children and have them educated freely, and those who do not wish to have education for nothing may pay for it if they please. When attendance rose to 1,000 students, Lancaster developed a system by which selected children served as helpers or monitors. The selected monitors would check opposite childrens work and tokens were given to the children and the monitors. The tokens co uld be exchanged later for various prizes.Risley and wildcat (1997) state that unlike the token economies utilise today, the 19th century system was not well defined in that it did not detail the responses that guide to the legal transfer of tickets or give ad hoc exchange rates. In addition, the delivery of screen-up reinforcers could be delayed for exceedingly long periods, These rewards will be exchanged, iii times a year, for objects of value and useful for the children. Risley Wolf state, Nevertheless, the basic elements of a token economy are clearly present in this schoolroom discipline system developed in the 19th century.Kazdin (1982) states that token economies with friendship to motivating behavior were rootage formalized in studies performed by Ayllon and Azrin in the 1960s. Ayllon and Azrin worked with mental health institutions and prisons to test token economy systems. They found large success in motivating the change of behavior through token economies.Ka zdin (1982) reports on a study performed by Rollins, Thompson, and their colleagues who developed token economies in several(prenominal) elementary school classrooms. These programs were very effective in ski lift the students academic achievement. When the researchers returned to evaluate the long-term effects they found that the school had quit the token economy system and behaviors returned to preprogram behavior.DescriptionMartin and Pear (2007) list several elements that are necessary when developing a token economy. First, tokens can be anything that is visible and countable and can be exchanged for privileges or merchandise. It is outgo to have tokens that are attractive, easy to carry and dispense, and difficult to counterfeit. Commonly use items complicate poker chips, stickers, point tallies, or play money.Martin and Pear (2007) moot that tokens are to be administered in a positive manner. When an individual displays desirable behavior, he or she is immediately given a designated number of tokens. Tokens are not to have any value of their own. They are collected and later exchanged for significant objects, privileges or activities. In some programs individuals can in any case lose tokens (response woo) for displaying undesirable behavior.Clearly Defined Target BehaviorMartin and Pear (2007) express that individuals participating in a token economy requisite to know exactly what they must do in order to nab tokens. Desirable and undesirable behavior is explained ahead of time in simple, specific terms. The number of tokens awarded or lost for separately particular behavior is also specified.Back-up ReinforcersBack-up reinforcers are the meaningful objects, privileges, or activities that individuals receive in exchange for their tokens. Examples include food items, toys, extra free time, or outings. The success of a token economy depends on the appeal of the back-up reinforcers. Individuals will only be incite to earn tokens if they antici pate the future reward represented by the tokens. A well-designed token economy will use back-up reinforcers chosen by individuals quite than by staff.Developing a system for exchanging tokensMartin and Pear (2007) have stated that a time and place for purchasing back-up reinforcers is necessary. The token value of each back-up reinforcer is pre-determined based on monetary value, demand, or therapeutic value. For example, if the reinforcer is expensive or highly attractive, the token value should be higher. If pigheadedness of or participation in the reinforcer would aid in the individuals erudition of skills, the token value should be lower. If the token value is throttle too low, individuals will be less motivated to earn tokens. Conversely, if the value is set too high, individuals may become easily discouraged. It is important that each individual can earn at least some tokens.Consistent executing by the StaffMartin and Pear (2007) state that in order for a token economy t o succeed, all involved members must reward the selfsame(prenominal) behaviors, use the appropriate amount of tokens, avoid dispensing back-up reinforcers for free, and prevent tokens from being counterfeited, stolen, or otherwise unjustly obtained. Staff responsibilities and the rules of the token economy should be expound in a written manual. Staff members should also be evaluated periodically and given the opportunity to raise questions or concerns.Initially tokens are awarded oftentimes and in higher amounts, but as individuals learn the desirable behavior, opportunities to earn tokens decrease. (The amount and frequency of token dispensing is called a reinforcement schedule.) For example, in a classroom, each student may earn 25 to 75 tokens the first day, so that they quickly learn the value of the tokens. Later, students may earn 15 to 30 tokens per day. By gradually decreasing the availability of tokens (fading), students should learn to display the desirable behavior ind ependently, without the unnatural use of tokens. Reinforcers that individuals would normally encounter in society, such as verbal praise, should accompany the awarding of tokens to aid in the fading process.EfficacyMathur (1996) states that many behavior management techniques, if applied justly and consistently in a systematic fashion over an elongate period-of-time, token economies can be a highly effective method for changing or controlling student behavior. Many cistrons make a token economy effective. One such factor is that tokens can be easily dispensed without disrupting the teaching/learning process. Another effective factor is that tokens can be exchanged for a variety of individualized backup reinforcers. Requirements for earning reinforcement can be adjusted as the needs of the students change. A token economy system may give the teacher tractableness in adjusting the relationship between certain behaviors and rewards, and may allow for continue pairing of tokens wit h more natural social reinforcers. Finally, token economies can be used to help the student acquire skills that will eventually take away to other more natural reinforcers such as good grades (Mathur, 1996).LimitationsAccording to Martin and Pear (2007), some include a form of response cost in their token economy. This involves penalizing students for inappropriate behavior by taking away tokens they have earned. The ethics of taking away what a student has clean earned is questionable. In addition, a threat to the student is implicit in response cost. Response cost may lead to a student behaving appropriately only out of fear or anxiety of losing points or tokens. Additionally, it may lead to power struggles that become setting events for undesired behaviors.Martin and Pear (2007) state some disadvantages of implementing a token economy include cost, effort, and colossal staff training and management. If staff members are inadequately trained or there is a shortage of staff, des irable behaviors may not be rewarded or undesirable behaviors may be inadvertently rewarded, resulting in an increase of negative behavior. Some professionals find token economies to be time-consuming and impractical. determinationA token economy, when used correctly, is an effective form of behavior modification that increase desirable behavior, and decrease undesirable behavior with the use of tokens and back up reinforcers. The tokens are collected and later exchanged for a meaningful object or privilege. According to Martin and Pear (2007) token economies have been used effectively in psychiatric wards, in institutions and classrooms for persons with developmental disabilities, in classrooms for children and teenagers with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, in normal classroom settings ranging from preschool to college university classes.ReferencesAyllon, T. (1999). How to use token economy and point systems (2nd ed.). Austin, Texas Pro-Ed.Kazdin, A. E. (1982). The token economy A decade later. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 15, 431-445.Kazdin, A. E., Pulaski, J. L. (2006). Joseph Lancaster and behavior modification in education. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 13(3), 261-266.Martin, G., Pear, J. (2007). Token Economies. In Behavior modification What it is and how to do it (pp. 323-334). Upper Saddle River, New island of Jersey Pearson Prentice-Hall.Mather, S. (1996). Why token reinforcement works. Teacher Mediator, 2, 10-14.Risley, T. R., Wolf, M. M. (1997). The origin of the dimensions of applied behavior analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 30, 377-381.Shapiro, E. S., Goldberg, R. (1986). A comparison of group contingencies for increasing spelling performance among sixth grade students. School Psychology Review, 15, 546-557.Token Economy System Definition. In Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders Web. Advameg, Inc. Retrieved 4/9/2009, from http//www.minddisorders.com/Py-Z/Token-economy-system.html.

Relationship between Organizational Structure and Culture

Relationship between organizational Structure and subtletySince the nerveal twist determines how the roles and responsibilities argon ein truth(prenominal)ocated and how they willing be monitored as sanitary as the f depressed of conference between opposite levels and sectors, it is entirely myrmecophilous on the organizations goals and how it wants to r individually them. In centralized structures all the decision devising actor is retained at the top level of perplexity and all the other surgical incisions be closely monitored and check outled, While in the decentralized structure decision making power is delegated to the lower levels as well to an purpose to summation the speed of carry outation as well as increase job satisfaction among other things.Organizational structure can be categorized into two disaccordent dimensions, vertical and horizontal. The vertical organizational structures direct many disparate levels of authority with mortals in managemen t or supervisory positions having a small or narrow-minded span of control (span of control be the number of subordinates licking under an individual) compared to the horizontal structure. A narrow span of control is easier to attainle and communicate with. It also requires less management skill then to control a larger number of tidy sum like in a wide span of control. Horizontal organizations structures track down to have a wider span of control i.e. many subordinates under virtuoso manager or supervisor. Horizontal structures tend to have better communications and are generally cost effective for an organization due to non needing many managers.Types of Organizational StructureCompanies tend to organize themselves in diverse ways according to their needs. Appropriate organizational structure depends upon the unique strategy of the business, its unique customer base, its unique sense of products and services and its management of these considerations as they are dispersed throughout the enterprise (Fontaine, 2007).Some of the major structures are as follows,Functional StructuresThese are most probably the most viridity instance of organizational structure implemented by companies worldwide. Its popularity is due to it being simple yet effective. In this structure an organizations divides its self into different department (for compositors case, Research and Development, Customer Sales, Human Resource Management, et cetera). People with similar skills are conferenceed to stay puther in their respective departments.Divisional StructuresDivisional structures differ from functional structures because it does not belive in grouping people with similar skills into different departments, rather it salute outs them across the organization to where ever they might be needed. For example in the divisional structure if a retail outlet has branches in different cities then every city will have a separate customer sales department rather than have a case-b y-case department for the whole company.Matrix StructuresThis is somewhat of an amalgam of two Functional and Divisional Structures. It is made up of teams of personnel from different sectors of the organization brought together for a specific project. These teams are usually not fixed but are project specific. This is a highly effective emblem of structure in most cases. They are usually led by Project Managers who report directly to the head of the organization.An important point to be noted here is that some companies, especially very large companies usually employ different types of structures in different departments rather than a single structure throughout.Organizational gardeningOrganizational Culture can be defined as the specific collection of values and norms that are shared out by people and groups in an organization and that control the way they move with each other and withstakeh middle-agedersoutside the organization.(Hill and Jones, 2001)Culture of an organiza tion is not unceasingly easy to explain but it can felt or sense much more than distinctly. Simply put, it is the personality of the company.HierarchyThis type of kitchen-gardening is well defined and stable. It is quite a formal nuance which emphasizes on control and authority to keep the organization running smoothly. This type of finis offers security and stability.MarketThis type of culture is similar to Hierarchy Culture in the sense that it also focuses somewhat on security and stability but it is driven results. It is a very competitive environment to choke in and there is very high focus on production. classThe focus of this type of organizational culture is the employees of the organization. It is a very affectionate environment to reckon in. Loyalty is emphasized and employees are asked to express themselves more openly. There is also a lot of importance given to teamwork.AdhocracyThis type of culture emphasizes thinking outside the box. Employees are given a wh ile of latitude to experiment and to think differently. Creativity is encouraged and appreciated. The atmosphere is active and roles are not always defined. It is quite different from the rest of the organizational cultures.Like organizational structures, it is not necessary that one type of culture will be prevalent throughout an organization. Some companies tend to implement different cultures in different sectors. Pure Control (Hierarchy), Compete (Market), meet (Clan) or Create (Adhocracy) are extremely rare. (Tharp, 2009)Relationship Between Organizational Structure And Culture And Its Effect On The BusinessTo reach their goals in effect organizations always need to have a formal structure. This is important to distribute deputes into different groups to ensure that no two people are operative on the same project or task so that we get the most output for our input. Because organizations cannot be run without people, this tends to create different cozy structures or environ ments in the organization which leads to different attitudes, perceptions, behaviors and traits with lots different types of aptitudes. So when employees are supposed to work together on a task in the constraints of a formal structure to reach a certain(a) objective there are certain ways to speak and interact, which in effect forms an organizational culture, where it may be created knowingly or unwittingly by the employees. Organizational culture in some way defines the organizational structure of an organization but the structure also partially defines the culture of an organization.It can also be said that the structure is a material for the culture to be implemented, while the culture dictates how the company should be structured. So, no result how big a company, if its culture starts to disintegrate, it is only a matter of time till the structure also follows.Business performance in a Functional Organization structure can be ill affected by the time it takes for the flow o f communication through the different levels of the hierarchy making the organization very slow to adhere to the modern technology, the political situations, the economy, cultural changes or social factors and legal issues. It generally has a narrow span of control which may cause restrictrictions in individual expression and power which causes job dissatisfaction and de-motivation. The level of motivation employees possess will affect their output poignant business performance. Employees might not construe the bigger scenario and the significance of their individual work. Employees may have a openhanded perception towards work or because everything is so clearly defined and communication is limited, this could result in an indiffrent nature and attitude even greater bear on employee relations, affecting motivation, resulting in low business performance.On the other hand a Divisional Organizational structure has greater flexibility because of low levels of management. This fast attribute to change makes it competitive, able to adjust to customers wants and needs very fast, giving it better performance. Better communication encourages individual through gap and power to make decisions giving the feeling of self-freedom, causing highly prompt employees, which affects business in a very good way. This is also restricted upon the individual personalities and networking within the organization. If people dont work with each other or have a tendency to percept what others claim or do differently it could affect employee relations and output affecting business performance. This is why employees need to be selected who will fit the organizational culture so that there will be excellent work relationships.Matrix being the newer organizational structure, it is a bit different from the old thinking of the typical boss it also redefines the idea of hierarchy or individuals use of organizational power to make decisions but that of expertise power of employees. The task culture is reflected in the matrix organization and there is at times no clear leader within each team. These shifts give rise to employees high job satisfaction because of individual participation and the group identity thus affecting business performance, simply because motivated employees work better.